Which of these principles is related to universalism?
Sadat (IT) Academy Show Dr. Gary H. Jones Five Ethical Decision-Making Principles (Perspectives)
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Back to Dr. Gary Home Brief Description of the Five Perspectives Ethical [& Cultural] Relativism No universal standars or rules can be used to guide the morality of an act. The logic of ethical relativism extends to cultures: cultural relativism. As the saying goes, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." What is morally right for one society or culture may be not be perceived as right in another.
Utilitarianism An action is judged as right or good depending upon its consequences. The ends of an action justify the means used to reach those ends. "The greatest good for the greatest number."
Universalism A person should choose to act if and only if he or she would be willing to have every person on earth, in that same situation, act exactly that same way. There are no exceptions or qualifications. Also, the action must respect all others, and treat people as ends, not means to an end.
Business Implications: One only makes decisions as one would like to see all other businesses and cultures make that same decision--no exceptions. Human Rights Individual rights mean entitlements at birth. These entitlements usually include the right to life, liberty, health, dignity, and choice. These rights are often, although not always, seen as being granted to individuals by God. Rights can override utilitarian principles. Advantage: Human dignity and individual worth are always protected, because they are seen as the greatest good. Business Implications: Businesses tend to operate from a cost/benefit (utilitarian perspective). But business executives should be aware that in many cases, and in many cultures, individual rights must also be taken into consideration. Justice The principle of justice deals with fairness and equality. Benefits and opportunities -- as well as burdens -- are to be shared equally. Advantage: More easily codified into regulations and laws than some other ethical principles. Along with the Rights perspective this principle provides the foundation of many national laws. Business Implications: Emphasis on equal opportunity for all has an impact on hiring and promotion decisions. The justice principle is usually written into law, and so has codified foundation. This can be helpful when making business decisions in one's own country--or in a foreign land.
Criticisms of the Ethical PerspectivesEthical [Cultural] Relativism 2. Contradicts everyday experience. Moral reasoning is developed from conversation, interaction, and argument. 3. Provides no resolution for conflict of different ethical systems. Utilitarianism1. There is no agreement on what the "good" is. Who decides? Whose interests are first? (What if the "good" conflicts among issues of health, peace, profits, pleasure, and national security?) 2. There is no determination of the 'rightness' or 'wrongness' of actions, but only of their consequences. 3. May fail to take into account long-term effects of an action or decision. 4. The principles of justice and individual rights are ignored. Universalism1. The principle is imprecise; it lacks practical utility. That is, it is difficult to think of all humanity every time an ethical decision must be made. 2. Conflicts among a person's interests, or duties, are not resolved. How does one decide which duty comes first? Human Rights1. Some individuals will pretend to advocate human rights while actually trying to advance selfish goals. 2. Protection of rights can exaggerate certain entitlements in society at the expense of others. Do citizens of a racial minority in a society have greater rights than the majority? What about hiring practices? 3. The limits of rights are sometimes hard to establish. Should an elderly person who terminally ill (no cure) be kept alive as long as possible, at great cost to society? Justice1. Outside of the jurisdiction of the state (the government), who decides what is right and what is wrong? What is fair? 2. Under what circumstances can individuals disagree with the government, and what can they do about it? 3. Related to both of the above, can opportunities and burdens be equally shared when it is not in the interest of those in power to do so? Back to Dr Gary home page What is the universal principle of ethics?The Universal Declaration of Ethics Principles for Psychologists describes those ethical principles that are based on shared human values. It reaffirms the commitment of the psychology community to help build a better world where peace, freedom, responsibility, justice, humanity, and morality will prevail.
What is universalism in ethics examples?An example of this would be The Universal Declaration of Human Rights which declares certain rights that all people should have. It is universal, it applies the same to everybody, and denying these rights to people would be legally, ethically and morally wrong.
What are the 5 universal ethical principles?The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of themselves. By exploring the dilemma in regards to these principles one may come to a better understanding of the conflicting issues.
What are the four universal ethical principles?The 4 main ethical principles, that is beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, are defined and explained. Informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality spring from the principle of autonomy, and each of them is discussed.
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