Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak we will simply observe?
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Emily, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier
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Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology? gradually escalating demands Research revealed that the POWs (prisoners of war) of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of: self-presentation theory Which of the following theories assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions? self-presentation theory During a group discussion on smoking, Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness. Later, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates lest his views on smoking contradict his words. He also wishes to appear consistent. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan's behavior? selective exposure The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____. self-presentation; self-justification Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____. self-presentation No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _____ theory. self-presentation theory Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent? cognitive dissonance theory Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves? cognitive dissonance The tension that arises when a person's two thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent is called: It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist. Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory. people feel that they have some choice in their behavior. The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when: cognitive dissonance. At the beginning of the 2003 Iraq war, only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction. When no such weapons were found after the war, 58% of Americans supported the war. Myers explains this revision of people's memories of their government's main rationale for going to war as an example of: Leon Festinger. Cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by: cognitive dissonance theory Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude? cognitive dissonance theory Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude? downgrading the unchosen option In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by _____. encouragement and inducement should be enough to elicit a desired action Dissonance theory insists that _____. agrees to give the speech without special incentives. Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment, she is asked to give a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she: give additional reasons for that decision or choice Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance, we _____. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how: what induces a desired action Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on _____. only enough incentive You have recently been promoted to manager of the firm where you work. You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your subordinates. You know that dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. Therefore, you decide to use _____ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates. C. people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior. As a teenager, your parents always compelled you to clean your room. Now that you are living on your own, you feel no motivation to clean your home as your parents are not around to nag you. This shows that: It pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes. Identify a true statement about dissonance theory. downgrading; upgrading After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. After you have made your decision, you can reduce dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities. downgrading You receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find it difficult to arrive at a decision. However, once you decide to accept an offer, you find yourself _____ the job offers you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.A. focusing on A. upgrading her choice. Omar and Nadia are a newly married couple. They work in multinational companies. Omar receives a job offer from an overseas company. As a result, they are required to relocate abroad. Nadia has to decide if she wants to stay back and continue with her current job or move abroad with her husband where she will have limited job opportunities. In this scenario, after arriving at a decision, Nadia can reduce her dissonance by: upgrade You receive more than one marriage proposal. According to dissonance theory, after you decide who you wish to spend your life with, you will _____ the individual whose proposal you accepted. upgrading; downgrading After spending a lot of time researching vehicles, Linda makes a purchase. After owning the vehicle for several months, she experiences dissonance and wonders if her choice was right. According to dissonance theory, we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _____ the chosen vehicle and _____ the unchosen vehicles. He fails to downgrade botany. Logan chooses zoology over botany as his major in college. However, he experiences dissonance when his semester starts. In this scenario, which of the following is a likely reason for his dissonance? cognitive dissonance theory Owen gets a lucrative job offer from a multinational company soon after he receives his undergraduate degree. At the same time, he gets a research scholarship from a renowned foreign university. He is in a dilemma and is unable to choose the right course of action. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario? hearing oneself talk informs one of one's attitudes Self-perception theory assumes that _____. self-perception theory Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs? the facial feedback effect In a psychological experiment, the participants were shown a collection of pictures depicting both pleasant and unpleasant aspects of their lives. They were instructed to smile whenever they saw an unpleasant picture. At the end of the experiment, the participants reported that they felt happy despite seeing the unpleasant pictures. Which of the following is exemplified in this experiment? self-perception theory Ji-woo wakes up one morning and feels happy and cheerful. She concludes that she must be happy because her best friend paid her a visit the previous evening after a long time. In the context of psychology, which of the following theories supports Ji-woo's conclusion? self-perception theory Felix sweats profusely just before an interview and feels uncomfortable. He concludes he is nervous. However, his nervousness disappears when he notices the lights are not working in the waiting room. In the context of psychology, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario? Elton feels cheerful when he looks straight ahead and takes long, confident strides. Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect? belief perseverance. In a psychology experiment, the participants were required to frown during the first half of the day and smile during the remaining half. At the end of the day, the participants reported feeling more positive when they smiled rather than when they frowned. This scenario likely illustrates: self-perception theory Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing? self-perception theory. Schnall and Laird's (2003) research revealed that individuals induced to repeatedly practice happy expressions tended to recall many happy memories and found their happy mood lingering. This is best explained by: self-perception theory Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving supposed electric shocks. Some, but not all, of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented. The results indicated that compared with those students who were not required to make a pained expression, those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they saw the shock being delivered. With which theory are the results of this study consistent? We cannot sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring his or her facial expressions. Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes? the overjustification effect. When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. This behavior is best explained by: the overjustification effect Lucy volunteers to teach the children of a local orphanage baseball on weekends. The manager of the orphanage offers to pay Lucy if she coaches the children for four days a week. Initially, Lucy is excited about the offer and accepts it. However, after a few weeks, she feels less enthusiastic about the classes and stops visiting the orphanage. In the context of psychology, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario? cognitive dissonance theory When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior, we reduce dissonance internally by justifying the behavior. Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect? self-perception theory Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs? the overjustification effect Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. If so, this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it. This is called: overjustification effect The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior. self-perception theory Jeremy loses interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly. Which theory best explains Jeremy's loss of interest in arithmetic? lead them to enjoy the activity less than earlier According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for an activity that they already enjoy doing intrinsically will: pay him to play and gradually offer him less Myra's neighbor, an 8-year-old, plays his saxophone loudly. This annoys her. In the context of the overjustification effect, if Myra wants him to quit playing, she should: the overjustification effect Lauren, a 14-year-old, was fond of writing short stories and wrote at least three stories every week. When her parents found out about this, they promised to give her some incentive if she wrote more than three stories per week. Initially, Lauren felt motivated and exceeded the count. However, after a few weeks, she lost interest and began to consider writing a chore. Which of the following psychological effects is illustrated in this scenario? the overjustification effect. According to Rosenfeld et al. (1980) and Sansone (1986), rewards that seek to control people and lead them to believe it was the reward that caused their effort diminish the intrinsic appeal of an enjoyable task. In the context of psychology, this behavior is likely caused by: increase As a teenager, you enjoy jogging. Your parents purchase new running shoes for you after every major milestone (e.g., when you ran your first marathon). According to self-perception theory, your parents' behavior is most likely to _____ your intrinsic motivation for jogging. decrease You are an obese teenager who enjoys jogging. Your parents are concerned about your health and give you money whenever you jog. According to self-perception theory, your parents' behavior is most likely to _____ your intrinsic motivation for jogging. self-perception theory Tim, a 30-year-old businessman, is asked by his friend if classical music is his favorite genre. Tim replies that it might be his favorite genre because he listens to it regularly and does not dislike it. In the context of psychology, which of the following theories will most accurately explain Tim's behavior? increased Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child, she always praised your effort when you finished cleaning your room. Her comments likely _____ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and hygienic environment as an adult without being nagged Zoe, a 10-year-old, loves gardening but loses interest when her parents offer her money for watering plants daily. In the context of behavior and attitudes, identify an example of the overjustification effect. self-perception theory Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak, we will simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and then infer our attitudes? self-affirmation theory Which theory states that people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self? change; formation Dissonance theory explains attitude _____, whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _____. Both are products of human imagination. Identify a similarity between dissonance theory and self-perception theory. positive feelings of self-worth. Dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when they threaten: Implicit biases are pervasive. Based on studies conducted by implicit attitude researchers, which of the following statements is true of implicit biases? planned behavior According to the theory of _____, you can best predict a person's behavior when you know that person's intended behaviors and their perceived self-efficacy and control. the roles played by the subjects. Zimbardo attributed the behavior of the subjects in his Stanford prison study to: give rewards to Harry for watching MTV. In the context of the overjustification effect, if you want Harry to spend less time watching MTV and more time watching PBS, you should: the attitude is potent. An attitude predicts one's behavior when: the insufficient justification effect. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. To reduce this discomfort, they may change their attitudes. This is known as: the insufficient justification effect. Rhea has two sons. She promises to give incentives to her sons for weeding the garden every Sunday. Her elder son, Aaron, gets $1 an hour, whereas her younger son, John, gets $5 an hour for the same task. Contrary to her expectation, Rhea notices that although Aaron is paid less for the task and has probably experienced more dissonance than John, he does a better job than John. In this scenario, Aaron's attitude toward the task exemplifies: Self-perception theory _____ assumes that when our attitudes are weak or ambiguous, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs. In other words, we deduce our attitudes in the same manner as would an outside observer. the implicit association test A researcher who measures attitudes by assessing whether White people take longer to associate positive words with Black faces than with White faces is most likely using: aggregation According to the principle of _____, the effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior. uses reaction times to measure how quickly people associate concepts According to Banaji and Greenwald (2013), the most widely used measure of implicit attitudes is the implicit association test (IAT), which _____. installing eye-level mirrors in his store. A store owner is concerned about shoplifting. Research on potent attitudes that influence shoplifting suggests that he can reduce theft by: role. Initially, when Ben was promoted to manager of his organization, he felt awkward giving orders to his co-workers. However, after a few weeks, he learned how to behave like a boss. In the context of behaviors affecting attitudes, Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new: there is no compelling external explanation for your words. Saying becomes believing when: It highlights how an artificial role can subtly morph into what is real. Identify the true statement about role-playing studies. using the "start small and build" tactic In the context of social movements, identify a brainwashing technique used for American prisoners of war (POWs) during the 1950s Korean War. brainwashing After being captured by enemies, Rob, a soldier, is tortured both physically and mentally. Initially, his captors make trivial demands to him. Gradually, the demands escalate to a point where he is required to give his statements on important matters. He is also expected to participate actively in group discussions and to write self-criticism. Over time, Rob experiences an inner need to make his beliefs consistent with his acts. In the context of psychology, this scenario exemplifies: insufficient justification effect Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie. These results are best explained by: feel confident that he made the best decision; dorms are expensive and dirty anyway. Juan needed to decide if he should live with his parents or in a dorm this year. He liked the freedom offered by dorms but knew it was cheaper to live with his parents. According to cognitive dissonance theory, in order to reduce dissonance after deciding to stay at home, Juan will likely: Conor imagines himself dancing at a college event and begins to think of himself as a successful dancer. In the context of social thinking, which of the following illustrates self-perception theory? She will become less interested in reading than earlier. Allison's parents are happy about the fact that she enjoys reading. They decide to encourage her reading habit by paying her $5 for each book she reads. According to the overjustification effect, how will Allison react to this new reward system? Cognitive dissonance; self-perception _____ theory explains attitude change, while _____ theory explains attitude formation. it explains what happens when one acts contrary to one's clearly defined attitudes. Which of the following statements is true of dissonance theory? his/her explicit self-report Which of the following would better predict a person's support for a Republican presidential candidate? his/her implicit attitude Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases? the amygdala Which area of the brain is active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli? by asking students to kill some bugs How did Martens et al. (2007) investigate the idea that killing begets killing? selective exposure When asked whether they want to view information supporting or opposing their viewpoint, people who have just expressed their views on various topics prefer to view information supporting their positions. Which of the following best accounts for this finding? self-perception theory ill recently received a Botox injection to treat the wrinkles in her face. Since then, it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts. Which of the following best explains these side effects? self-perception theory Grace assumes that she purchases a specific brand of olive oil regularly because she likes it. However, she later realizes that it is the only available brand in her locality. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains this example? 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Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore, a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated. b. income and sleep levels are negatively correlated. c. income and sleep levels are inversely correlated. d. income and sleep levels are not correlated. e. lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep. Verified answer QUESTION If a person accidentally touches a pan filled with hot water on the stove, they will immediately move their hand away from the hot pan before yelling out in pain. Use the following terms to explain what is involved in this reaction. • Neurotransmitters • The endocrine system • Thalamus • Amygdala • Sensory cortex • Pain reflex Verified answer QUESTION Identify and explain four of the five components of creativity mentioned in this module. Verified answer Related questionsQUESTION Group cohesiveness is best defined as: 15 answers QUESTION Physically attractive people tend to be seen as less smart than unattractive people 12 answers QUESTION What approach do social psychologists use to prove that their theory is wrong? 7 answers QUESTION What does Kahneman tell us about predictions in which we substitute current evidence for a prediction about the future? Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak we will simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and then infer our attitudes?Self-perception theory assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes we simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and infer what our attitudes must be. An important implication of this theory is the overjustification effect: Rewarding people to do what they like doing anyway turns their pleasure into work.
What is cognitive theory of attitude?Cognitive dissonance theory postulates that an underlying psychological tension is created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviors.
What is the theory that states that when we are unsure of our attitudes we infer them by observing our own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?According to self-perception theory, when people are unsure of their own attitudes, one way to infer them is by looking at their behaviors. Daryl Bem proposed self-perception theory in 1967 when he argued that people sometimes analyze their own behavior in the same fashion as they would analyze someone else's behavior.
What is selfSelf-perception theory says that people learn about their own attitudes and character traits by observing their own behavior. This mainly happens when we are unclear about our feelings toward something, and then go on to attribute our attitude or belief to some realization around our behavior.
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