Which of the following hormones interacts with membrane bound receptors and generates second messengers 1 cortisol 2 estradiol 3 Progesterone 4 glucagon?

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Solution

The correct option is B 2Insulin and glucagon are protein hormones. They are water-soluble, and hence interact with membrane bound hormone receptors and generate second messengers. Thus, these hormones do not enter the target cell directly. Hormones like iodothyronines, testosterone, and estradiol (estrogen) interact with the hormone recpetors present within the cell (intracellular receptors). Thus, they enter the target cell.

Hormones can be categorised into three distinct groups according to their chemical composition

• The three types of hormones are steroid hormones, peptide hormones and amino acid derivatives
• The different types of hormones will have different mechanisms of action due to their distinct chemical properties

Steroid Hormones

• Steroid hormones are lipophilic (fat-loving) – meaning they can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane of a cell
• They bind to receptors in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell, to form an active receptor-hormone complex
• This activated complex will move into the nucleus and bind directly to DNA, acting as a transcription factor for gene expression
• Examples of steroid hormones include those produced by the gonads (i.e. estrogen, progesterone and testosterone)

Peptide Hormones

• Peptide hormones are hydrophylic and lipophobic (fat-hating) – meaning they cannot freely cross the plasma membrane
• They bind to receptors on the surface of the cell, which are typically coupled to internally anchored proteins (e.g. G proteins)
• The receptor complex activates a series of intracellular molecules called second messengers, which initiate cell activity
• This process is called signal transduction, because the external signal (hormone) is transduced via internal intermediaries
• Examples of second messengers include cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and protein kinases
• The use of second messengers enables the amplification of the initial signal (as more molecules are activated)
• Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, leptin, ADH and oxytocin

Amine Hormones

• Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and include adrenaline, thyroxin and triiodothyronine
• Amine hormones do not all share identical properties and have properties common to both peptide and steroid hormones 

Summary of the Different Classes of Hormones

Which hormones act by generates second messengers?

Which hormones have receptors in cell membrane 2nd messenger system activation?

Which one of the following hormone interact with membrane bound receptors?

Does cortisol use a second messenger?