Which course of development occurs from the inside (core of the body) to the outside (fingers)?

1. Bernstein NA. Dexterity and its development. In: Latash ML, Turvey MT, editors. Dexterity and its development. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 1996. pp. 3–244. [Google Scholar]

2. Gibson EJ. Has psychology a future? Psychological Science. 1994;5:69–76. [Google Scholar]

3. Keen R. The development of problem solving in young children: A critical cognitive skill. Annual Review of Psychology. 2011;62:1–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Adolph KE, Karasik LB, Tamis-LeMonda CS. Motor skills. In: Bornstein MH, editor. Handbook of cultural development science. Vol. 1. Domains of development across cultures. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; 2010. pp. 61–88. [Google Scholar]

5. Gibson EJ. Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology. 1988;39:1–41. [Google Scholar]

6. Piaget J. The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books; 1954. [Google Scholar]

7. Adolph KE, Robinson SR. Motor development. In: Liben L, Muller U, editors. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. 7th. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley; 2015. pp. 114–157. Cognitive Processes. [Google Scholar]

8. Thelen E. Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 2005;15:255–283. [Google Scholar]

9. Campos JJ, Anderson DI, Barbu-Roth MA, Hubbard EM, Hertenstein MJ, Witherington DC. Travel broadens the mind. Infancy. 2000;1:149–219. [Google Scholar]

10. Reed ES. An outline of a theory of action systems. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1982;14:98–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. D'Elia A, Pighetti M, Moccia G, Santangelo N. Spontaneous motor activity in normal fetuses. Early Human Development. 2001;65:139–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. de Vries JIP, Hopkins B. Fetal movements and postures: What do they mean for postnatal development? In: Hopkins B, Johnson SP, editors. Prenatal development of postnatal functions. Westport, CT: Praeger; 2005. pp. 177–220. [Google Scholar]

13. Gesell A. The ontogenesis of infant behavior. In: Carmichael L, editor. Manual of child psychology. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1946. pp. 295–331. [Google Scholar]

14. Adolph KE, Berger SE, Leo AJ. Developmental continuity? Crawling, cruising, and walking. Developmental Science. 2011;14:306–318. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Atun-Einy O, Berger SE, Scher A. Pulling to stand: Common trajectories and individual differences. Developmental Psychobiology. 2012;54:187–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Hopkins B, Westra T. Motor development, maternal expectations, and the role of handling. Infant Behavior and Development. 1990;13:117–122. [Google Scholar]

17. Hopkins B, Ronnqvist L. Facilitating postural control: Effects on the reaching behavior of 6-month-old infants. Developmental Psychobiology. 2002;40:168–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Saavedra SL, van Donkelaar P, Woollacott MH. Learning about gravity: Segmental assessment of upright control as infants develop independent sitting. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2012;108:2215–2229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Martorell R, Onis M, Martines J, Black M, Onyango A, Dewey KG. WHO motor development study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatrica. 2006;95(S450):86–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Karasik LB, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Adolph KE, Bornstein MH. Places and postures: A cross-cultural comparison of sitting in 5-month-olds. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2015;46:1023–1038. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Kretch KS, Adolph KE. Active vision in passive locomotion: Real-world free viewing in infants and adults. Developmental Science. 2015;18:736–750. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Fogel A, Messinger DS, Dickson KL, Hsu H. Posture and gaze in early mother-infant communication: synchronization of developmental trajectories. Developmental Science. 1999;2:325–332. [Google Scholar]

23. Kretch KS, Franchak JM, Adolph KE. Crawling and walking infants see the world differently. Child Development. 2014 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Rachwani J, Santamaria V, Saavedra SL, Wood S, Porter F, Woollacott MH. Segmental trunk control acquisition and reaching in typically developing infants. Experimental Brain Research. 2013;228:131–139. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Soska KC, Adolph KE. Postural position constrains multimodal object exploration in infants. Infancy. 2014;19:138–161. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Harbourne RT, Lobo MA, Karst GM, Galloway JC. Sit happens: Does sitting development perturb reaching development, or vice versa? Infant Behavior and Development. 2013;36:438–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Carvalho RP, Tudella E, Calijouw SR, Savelsbergh GJP. Early control of reaching: Effects of experience and body orientation. Infant Behavior and Development. 2008;31:23–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Soska KC, Adolph KE, Johnson SP. Systems in development: Motor skill acquisition facilitates three-dimensional object completion. Developmental Psychology. 2010;46:129–138. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Baumgartner HA, Oakes LM. Investigating the relation between infants' manual activity with objects and their perception of dynamic events. Infancy. 2013;18:983–1006. [Google Scholar]

30. Libertus K, Gibson J, Hidayatallah NZ, Hirtle J, Adcock RA, Needham AW. Size matters: How age and reaching experience shape infants' preferences for different sized objects. Infant Behavior and Development. 2013;36:189–198. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Eppler MA. Development of manipulatory skills and the deployment of attention. Infant Behavior and Development. 1995;18:391–405. [Google Scholar]

32. Loucks J, Sommerville JA. The role of motor experience in understanding action function: The case of the precision grasp. Child Development. 2012;83:801–809. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Daum MM, Prinz W, Aschersleben G. Perception and production of object-related grasping in 6-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2011;108:810–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Deffeyes JE, Harbourne RT, Stuberg WA, Stergiou N. Approximate entropy used to assess sitting postural sway of infants with developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development. 2011;34:81–99. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Metcalfe JS, Chen LC, Chang TY, McDowell K, Jeka JJ, Clark JE. The temporal organization of posture changes during the first year of independent walking. Experimental Brain Research. 2005;161:405–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Chen LC, Metcalfe JS, Chang TY, Jeka JJ, Clark JE. The development of infant upright posture: Sway less or sway differently? Experimental Brain Research. 2008;186:293–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Dahl A, Campos JJ, Anderson DI, Uchiyama I, Witherington DC, Ueno M, Poutrain-Lejeune L, Barbu-Roth M. The epigenesis of wariness of heights. Psychological Science. 2013;24:1361–1367. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Chen LC, Jeka J, Clark JE. Development of adaptive sensorimotor control in infant sitting posture. Gait and Posture. 2016;45:157–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Bertenthal BI, Bai DL. Infants' sensitivity to optical flow for controlling posture. Developmental Psychology. 1989;25:936–945. [Google Scholar]

40. Adolph KE, Robinson SR. The road to walking: What learning to walk tells us about development. In: Zelazo P, editor. Oxford handbook of developmental psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013. pp. 403–443. [Google Scholar]

41. Andre-Thomas M, Autgaerden S. Locomotion from pre- to post-natal life. Lavenham, Suffolk: Spastics Society Medical Education and Information Unit in association with William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd; 1966. [Google Scholar]

42. Forssberg H. Ontogeny of human locomotor control. I. Infant stepping, supported locomotion, and transition to independent locomotion. Experimental Brain Research. 1985;57:480–493. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. McGraw MB. The neuromuscular maturation of the human infant. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1945. [Google Scholar]

44. Dominici N, Ivanenko YP, Cappellini G, d'Avella A, Mondi V, Cicchese M, Fabiano A, Silei T, Di Paolo A, Giannini C, et al. Locomotor primitives in newborn babies and their development. Science. 2011;334:997–999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Barbu-Roth M, Anderson DI, Despres A, Provasi J, Cabrol D, Campos JJ. Neonatal stepping in relation to terrestrial optic flow. Child Development. 2009;80:8–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Barbu-Roth M, Anderson DI, Despres A, Streeter RJ, Caborl D, Trukillo M, Campos JJ, Provasi J. Air stepping in response to optic flows that move toward and away from the neonate. Developmental Psychobiology. 2014;56:1142–1149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Angulo-Kinzler RM, Ulrich BD, Thelen E. Three-month-old infants can select specific leg motor solutions. Motor Control. 2002;6:52–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Rovee-Collier CK, Morrongiello BA, Aron M, Kupersmidt J. Topographical response differentiation and reversal in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development. 1978;1:323–333. [Google Scholar]

49. Thelen E. Three-month-old infants can learn task-specific patterns of interlimb coordination. Psychological Science. 1994;5:280–285. [Google Scholar]

50. Thelen E, Fisher DM. Newborn stepping: An explanation for a "disappearing reflex". Developmental Psychology. 1982;18:760–775. [Google Scholar]

51. Thelen E. Rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants. Animal Behavior. 1979;27:699–715. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Thelen E. Treadmill-elicited stepping in seven-month-old infants. Child Development. 1986;57:1498–1506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Yang JF, Lam T, Pang MYC, Lamont E, Musselman K, Seinen E. Infant stepping: A window to the behavior of the human pattern generator for walking. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004;82:662–674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Thelen E, Fisher DM, Ridley-Johnson R. The relationship between physical growth and a newborn reflex. Infant Behavior and Development. 1984;7:479–493. [Google Scholar]

55. Zelazo PR. The development of walking: New findings on old assumptions. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1983;2:99–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Zelazo PR, Zelazo NA, Kolb S. “Walking” in the newborn. Science. 1972;176:314–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. van der Meer ALH, Ramstad M, van der Weel FR. Choosing the shortest way to mum: Auditory guided rotation in 6- to 9-moth-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development. 2008;31:207–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Adolph KE, Vereijken B, Denny MA. Learning to crawl. Child Development. 1998;69:1299–1312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Patrick SK, Noah JA, Yang JF. Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2012;107:3050–3061. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Majnemer A, Barr RG. Influence of supine sleep positioning on early motor milestone acquisition. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2005;47:370–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Patrick SK, Noah JA, Yang JF. Interlimb coordination in human crawling reveals similarities in development and neural control with quadrupeds. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009;101:603–613. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. McCollum G, Holroyd C, Castelfranco AM. Forms of early walking. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1995;176:373–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Snapp-Childs W, Corbetta D. Evidence of early strategies in learning to walk. Infancy. 2009;14:101–116. [Google Scholar]

64. Adolph KE. Learning in the development of infant locomotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1997;62 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Kretch KS, Adolph KE. Cliff or step? Posture-specific learning at the edge of a drop-off. Child Development. 2013;84:226–240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Karasik LB, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Adolph KE. Decisions at the brink: Locomotor experience affects infants' use of social information on an adjustable drop-off. Frontiers in Psychology. 2016;7:797. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Berger SE, Adolph KE. Infants use handrails as tools in a locomotor task. Developmental Psychology. 2003;39:594–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Berger SE, Adolph KE, Lobo SA. Out of the toolbox: Toddlers differentiate wobbly and wooden handrails. Child Development. 2005;76:1294–1307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Berger SE, Adolph KE, Kavookjian AE. Bridging the gap: Solving spatial means-ends relations in a locomotor task. Child Development. 2010;81:1367–1375. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Bril B, Ledebt A. Head coordination as a means to assist sensory integration in learning to walk. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1998;22:555–563. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Hallemans A, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Changes in 3D joint dynamics during the first 5 months after the onset of independent walking: A longitudinal follow-up study. Gait and Posture. 2006;24:270–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Adolph KE, Vereijken B, Shrout PE. What changes in infant walking and why. Child Development. 2003;74:474–497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Bril B, Breniere Y. Postural requirements and progression velocity in young walkers. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1992;24:105–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Bril B, Breniere Y. Posture and independent locomotion in early childhood: Learning to walk or learning dynamic postural control? In: Savelsbergh GJP, editor. The development of coordination in infancy. North-Holland, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1993. pp. 337–358. [Google Scholar]

75. Ivanenko YP, Dominici N, Cappellini G, Lacquaniti F. Kinematics in newly walking toddlers does not depend upon postural stability. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2005;94:754–763. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Bril B, Dupuy L, Dietrich G, Corbetta D. Learning to tune the antero-posterior propulsive forces during walking: A necessary skill for mastering upright locomotion in toddlers. Experimental Brain Research. 2015;233:2903–2912. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Sutherland DH, Olshen RA, Biden EN, Wyatt MP. The development of mature walking. London: Mac Keith Press; 1988. [Google Scholar]

78. Adolph KE, Cole WG, Komati M, Garciaguirre JS, Badaly D, Lingeman JM, Chan G, Sotsky RB. How do you learn to walk? Thousands of steps and dozens of falls per day. Psychological Science. 2012;23:1387–1394. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Bennett WC, Zingg RM. The Tarahumara, an Indian tribe of northern Mexico. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1935. [Google Scholar]

80. Bastien GJ, Schepens B, Willems PA, Heglund NC. Energetics of load carrying in Nepalese porters. Science. 2005;308:1755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Maloiy GMO, Heglund NC, Prager LM, Cavagna GA, Taylor CR. Energetic costs of carrying loads: Have African women discovered an economic way? Nature. 1986;319:668–669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Plumert JM, Kearney JK. How do children perceive and act on dynamic affordances in crossing traffic-filled roads? Child Development Perspectives. 2014;8:207–212. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Kretch KS, Adolph KE. The organization of exploratory behaviors in infant locomotor planning. Developmental Science. in press. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Gibson EJ, Walk RD. The "visual cliff". Scientific American. 1960;202:64–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Campos JJ, Hiatt S, Ramsay D, Henderson C, Svejda M. The emergence of fear on the visual cliff. In: Lewis M, Rosenblum L, editors. The development of affect. New York: Plenum; 1978. pp. 149–182. [Google Scholar]

86. Adolph KE, Joh AS, Eppler MA. Infants' perception of affordances of slopes under high and low friction conditions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2010;36:797–811. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Burnay C, Cordovil R. Crawling experience predicts avoidance of real cliffs and water cliffs: Insight from a new paradigm. Infancy. in press. [Google Scholar]

88. Franchak JM, Adolph KE. What infants know and what they do: Perceiving possibilities for walking through openings. Developmental Psychology. 2012;48:1254–1261. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Gibson EJ, Riccio G, Schmuckler MA, Stoffregen TA, Rosenberg D, Taormina J. Detection of the traversability of surfaces by crawling and walking infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1987;13:533–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Joh AS, Adolph KE. Learning from falling. Child Development. 2006;77:89–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Schmuckler MA. Development of visually guided locomotion: Barrier crossing by toddlers. Ecological Psychology. 1996;8:209–236. [Google Scholar]

92. van der Meer ALH. Visual guidance of passing under a barrier. Early Development and Parenting. 1997;6:149–157. [Google Scholar]

93. Gilmore RO, Baker TJ, Grobman KH. Stability in young infants' discrimination of optic flow. Developmental Psychology. 2004;40:259–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Campos JJ, Bertenthal BI, Kermoian R. Early experience and emotional development: The emergence of wariness of heights. Psychological Science. 1992;3:61–64. [Google Scholar]

95. Adolph KE. Specificity of learning: Why infants fall over a veritable cliff. Psychological Science. 2000;11:290–295. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Adolph KE, Kretch KS, LoBue V. Fear of heights in infants? Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2014;23:60–66. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Smitsman AW, Bongers RM. Tool use and tool making: A developmental action perspective. In: Valsiner J, Connolly KJ, editors. Handbook of developmental psychology. London, England: Sage; 2003. pp. 172–193. [Google Scholar]

99. Prechtl HFR. Ultrasound studies of human fetal behaviour. Early Human Development. 1985;12:91–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Prechtl HFR. Prenatal motor development. In: Wade MG, Whiting HTA, editors. Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishing; 1986. pp. 53–64. [Google Scholar]

101. Sparling JW, van Tol J, Chescheir NC. Fetal and neonatal hand movement. Physical Therapy. 1999;79:24–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Hepper PG, Shahidullah S, White R. Handedness in the human fetus. Neuropsychologia. 1991;29:1107–1111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Reissland N, Francis B, Aydin E, Mason J, Schaal B. The development of anticipation in the fetus: A longitudinal account of human fetal mouth movements in reaction to and anticipation of touch. Developmental Psychobiology. 2014;56:955–963. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Piek JP, Carman R. Developmental profiles of spontaneous movements in infants. Early Human Development. 1994;39:109–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Fontenelle SA, Kahrs BA, Neal SA, Newton AT, Lockman JJ. Infant manual exploration of composite substrates. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2007;98:153–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Thelen E, Corbetta D, Kamm K, Spencer JP, Schneider K, Zernicke RF. The transition to reaching: Mapping intention and intrinsic dynamics. Child Development. 1993;64:1058–1098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Lee HM, Bhat A, Scholz JP, Galloway JC. Toy-oriented changes during early arm movements IV: Shoulder-elbow coordination. Infant Behavior and Development. 2008;31:447–469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Lee MH, Ranganathan R, Newell KM. Changes in object-oriented arm movements that precede the transition to goal-directed reaching in infancy. Developmental Psychobiology. 2011;53:685–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Berthier NE, Keen RE. Development of reaching in infancy. Experimental Brain Research. 2006;169:507–518. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Konczak J, Dichgans J. The development toward stereotypic arm kinematics during reaching in the first 3 years of life. Experimental Brain Research. 1997;117:346–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Clifton RK, Muir DW, Ashmead DH, Clarkson MG. Is visually guided reaching in early infancy a myth? Child Development. 1993;64:1099–1110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Schneiberg S, Sveistrup H, McFadyen B, McKinley P, Levin MF. The development of coordination of reach-to-grasp movements in children. Experimental Brain Research. 2002;146:142–154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Galloway JC, Thelen E. Feet first: Object exploration in young infants. Infant Behavior and Development. 2004;27:107–112. [Google Scholar]

115. von Hofsten C. Catching skills in infancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1983;9:75–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. von Hofsten C, Lindhagen K. Observations on the development of reaching for moving objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1979;28:158–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Fagard J, Spelke ES, von Hofsten C. Reaching and grasping a moving object in 6-, 8-, and 10-month-old infants: Laterality and performance. Infant Behavior and Development. 2009;32:137–146. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. van Hof P, van der Kamp J, Savelsbergh GJP. The relation between infants' perception of catchableness and the control of catching. Developmental Psychology. 2008;44:182–194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Churchill A, Hopkins B, Ronnqvist L, Vogt S. Vision of the hand and environmental context in human prehension. Experimental Brain Research. 2000;134:81–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Stolze H, Boczek-Funcke A, Johnk K, Heinrichs H, Illert M. Kinematic analysis of prehension movements in children. Behavioral Brain Research. 1998;93:131–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Clifton RK, Rochat P, Robin DJ, Berthier NE. Multimodal perception in the control of infant reaching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1994;20:876–886. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Lee MH, Newell KM. Visual feedback of hand trajectory and the development of infant prehension. Infant Behavior and Development. 2012;35:273–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Needham AW, Barrett T, Peterman K. A pick-me-up for infants' exploratory skills: Early simulated experiences reaching for objects using "sticky" mittens enhances young infants' object exploration skills. Infant Behavior and Development. 2002;25:279–295. [Google Scholar]

124. Libertus K, Needham AW. Teach to reach: The effects of active vs. passive reaching experiences on action and perception. Vision Research. 2010;50:2750–2757. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Wiesen SE, Watkins RM, Needham AW. Active motor training has long-term effects on infants' object exploration. Frontiers in Psychology. 2016;7 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Libertus K, Joh AS, Needham AW. Motor training at 3 months affects object exploration 12 months later. Developmental Science. in press. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Vollmer B, Forssberg H. Development of grasping and object manipulation. In: Nowak DA, Hermsdorfer J, editors. Sensorimotor control of grasping: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2009. pp. 235–249. [Google Scholar]

128. Barrett TM, Traupman E, Needham AW. Infants' visual anticipation of object structure in grasp planning. Infant Behavior and Development. 2008;31:1–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Fagard J. Linked proximal and distal changes in the reaching behavior of 5- to 12-month-old human infants grasping objects of different sizes. Infant Behavior and Development. 2000;23:317–329. [Google Scholar]

130. Witherington DC. The development of prospective grasping control between 5 and 7 months: A longitudinal study. Infancy. 2005;7:143–161. [Google Scholar]

131. von Hofsten C, Johansson K. Planning to reach for a rotating rod: Developmental aspects. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie. 2009;41:207–213. [Google Scholar]

132. Needham AW. Improvements in object exploration skills may facilitate the development of object segregation in early infancy. Journal of Cognition and Development. 2000;1:131–156. [Google Scholar]

133. Rochat P. Object manipulation and exploration in 2- to 5-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology. 1989;25:871–884. [Google Scholar]

134. Norris B, Smith S. Research into the mouthing behaviour of children up to 5 years old. 2002 [Google Scholar]

135. Palmer CF. The discriminating nature of infants' exploratory actions. Developmental Psychology. 1989;25:885–893. [Google Scholar]

136. Kotwica KA, Ferre CL, Michel GF. Relation of stable hand-use preferences to the development of skill for managing multiple objects from 7 to 13 months of age. Developmental Psychobiology. 2008;50:519–529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Yonas A, Hartman B. Perceiving the affordance of contact in four- and five-month-old infants. Child Development. 1993;64:298–308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Chen Z, Siegler RS. Across the great divide: Bridging the gap between understanding of toddlers' and older children's thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 2000;65 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. van Leeuwen L, Smitsman A, van Leeuwen C. Affordances, perceptual complexity, and the development of tool use. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1994;20:174–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Rat-Fischer L, O'Regan JK, Fagard J. The emergence of tool use during the second year of life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2012;113:440–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Claxton LJ, McCarty ME, Keen R. Self-directed action affects planning in tool-use tasks with toddlers. Infant Behavior and Development. 2009;32:230–233. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. McCarty ME, Clifton RK, Collard RR. Problem solving in infancy: The emergence of an action plan. Developmental Psychology. 1999;35:1091–1101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. McCarty ME, Clifton RK, Collard RR. The beginnings of tool use by infants and toddlers. Infancy. 2001;2:233–256. [Google Scholar]

144. Steenbergen B, van der Kamp J, Smitsman A, Carson RG. Spoon-handling in two- to four-year-old children. Ecological Psychology. 1997;9:113–129. [Google Scholar]

145. Keen R, Lee MH, Adolph KE. Planning an action: A developmental progression in tool use. In: Pick Herbert L, Lockman JJ, Rieser J., editors. Ecological Psychology, Collection to honor. Vol. 26. 2014. pp. 96–108. [Google Scholar]

146. Greer T, Lockman JJ. Using writing instruments: Invariances in young children and adults. Child Development. 1998;69:888–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Miller JL, Sonies BC, Macedonia C. Emergence of oropharyngeal, laryngeal and swallowing activity in the developing fetal upper aerodigestive tract: An ultrasound evaluation. Early Human Development. 2003;71:61–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Wilson EM, Green JR, Yunusova YY, Moore CA. Task specificity in early oral motor development. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2008;29:257–266. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Burton P, Deng J, McDonald D, Fewtrell MS. Real-time 3D ultrasound imaging of infant tongue movements during breastfeeding. Early Human Development. 2013;89:635–641. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

150. Geddes DT, Sakalidis VS, Hepworth AR, McClellan HL, Kent JC, Lai CT, Hartmann PE. Tongue movement and intra-oral vacuum of term infants during breastfeeding and feeding from an experimental teat that released milk under vacuum only. Early Human Development. 2012;88:443–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

151. Barlow SM. Oral and respiratory control for preterm feeding. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2009;17:179–186. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

152. van der Meer ALH, Holden G, van der Weel FR. Coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing in healthy newborns. Journal of Pediatric Neonatology. 2005;2:69–72. [Google Scholar]

153. Fucile S, MacFarland DH, Gisel EG, Lau C. Oral and nonoral sensorimotor interventions facilitate suck-swallow-respiration functions and their coordination in preterm infants. Early Human Development. 2012;88:345–350. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

154. Sheppard JJ, Mysak ED. Ontogeny of infantile oral reflexes and emerging chewing. Child Development. 1984;55:831–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

155. Wilson EM, Green JR. The development of jaw motion for mastication. Early Human Development. 2009;85:303–311. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

156. Reissland N, Francis B, Mason J. Can healthy fetuses show facial expressions of "pain" or "distress"? PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65530. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

157. Reissland N, Francis B, Mason J, Lincoln K. Do facial expressions develop before birth? PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e24081. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

158. Loos HM, Doucet S, Roussignan R, Hartmann C, Durand K, Dittrich R, Sagot P, Buettner A, Schaal B. Responsiveness of human neonates to the odor of 5a-Androst-16-en-3-one: A behavioral paradox? Chemical Senses. 2014;39:693–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

159. Messinger DS. Positive and negative: Infant facial expressions and emotions. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2002;11:1–6. [Google Scholar]

160. Messinger DS. Smiling. In: Haith MM, Benson JB, editors. Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development. Vol. 3. Oxford: Elsevier; 2008. pp. 186–198. [Google Scholar]

161. Messinger DS. Smiling. In: Salkind NJ, editor. Encyclopedia of human development. Vol. 3. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage; 2006. pp. 1183–1185. [Google Scholar]

162. Oster H. Emotion in the infant's face: Insights from the study of infants with facial anomalies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003;1000:197–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

163. Green JR, Nip ISB. Some organization principles in early speech development. In: Maaseen B, van Lieshout PHHM, editors. Speech motor control: New development in basic and applied research. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. pp. 171–188. [Google Scholar]

164. Green JR, Moore CA, Higashikawa M, Steeve RW. The physiologic development of speech motor control: Lip and jaw coordination. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2000;43:239–255. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

165. Gibson JJ. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1979. [Google Scholar]

166. Fausey CM, Jayaraman S, Smith LB. From faces to hands: Changing visual input in the first two years. Cognition. 2016;152:101–107. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

167. Daniel BM, Lee DN. Development of looking with head and eyes. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1990;50:200–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

168. Jayaraman W, Fausey CM, Smith LB. The faces in infant-perspective scenes change over the first year of life. PloS One. 2015 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

169. Franchak JM, Kretch KS, Soska KC, Adolph KE. Head-mounted eye tracking: A new method to describe infant looking. Child Development. 2011;82:1738–1750. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

170. Smith LB, Yu C, Pereira AF. Not your mother's view: The dynamics of toddler visual experience. Developmental Science. 2011;14:9–17. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Yu C, Smith LB. Multiple sensory-motor pathways lead to coordinated visual attention. Cognitive Science. in press. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

172. von Hofsten C, Rosander K. Development of smooth pursuit tracking in young infants. Vision Research. 1997;37:1799–1810. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

173. Rosander K, von Hofsten C. Development of gaze tracking of small and large objects. Experimental Brain Research. 2002;146:257–264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

174. Rosander K, von Hofsten C. Infants' emerging ability to represent occluded object motion. Cognition. 2004;91:1–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

175. Johnson SP, Amso D, Slemmer JA. Development of object concepts in infancy: Evidence for early learning in an eye tracking paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100:10568–10573. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Bronson GW. Infant's transitions toward adult-like scanning. Child Development. 1994;65:1243–1261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Haith MM, Hazan C, Goodman GS. Expectations and anticipation of dynamic visual events by 3.5-month-old babies. Child Development. 1988;59:467–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

178. Franchak JM, Adolph KE. Visually guided navigation: Head-mounted eye-tracking of natural locomotion in children and adults. Vision Research. 2010;50:2766–2774. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

179. Hopkins B, Westra T. Maternal handling and motor development: An intracultural study. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs. 1988;114:379–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

180. Adolph KE, Berger SE. Physical and motor development. In: Bornstein MH, Lamb ME, editors. Development science: An advanced textbook. 7. New York: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis; 2015. pp. 261–333. [Google Scholar]

What is cephalocaudal and Proximodistal physical development?

What is an example of Cephalocaudal development?

What is the process of Cephalocaudal development?

What is the Proximodistal development process?