What stage is being described wherein the persons body releases stress hormones?

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a theory that describes the physiological changes the body experiences when under stress. The syndrome includes three stages: the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.

The first GAS stage contains two substages:

• In the shock phase, body temperature and blood pressure both decrease. Loss of fluid from body tissues also occurs.
• In the countershock phase, the body’s fight-or-flight response is triggered. Heart rate and blood pressure increase as stress hormones and adrenaline are released.

Following the alarm stage, the body begins to repair itself. If the stressful situation is resolved, the body continues to repair itself until it returns to its pre-stress state. If the stressful situation is not resolved, the body remains on high alert, eventually adapting to the higher stress level. Stress hormones and blood pressure remain elevated. This can lead to hypertension and heart problems as well as irritability, frustration, and poor concentration.

This stage occurs during prolonged or chronic stress when the body’s adaptation to higher stress levels starts to break down. The body no longer has the strength or resources to fight the stress. Signs of the exhaustion stage include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Trouble sleeping
• Severe loss of concentration
• Fatigue
• Depressed mood
• Trembling or jumpiness
• Anxiety attacks
• Crying spells
• Stress-related illnesses

For short-term or mild stressors, the alarm stage is not harmful. It is a natural mechanism that is designed to protect the body from danger. However, when prolonged or chronic stress is experienced, the body may not be able to repair itself in a timely manner, which can lead to the exhaustion stage.

Understanding the stages of GAS can help with the identification of personal stress signals, which can help with the reduction of stress levels.

There are two kinds of stress, each with different effects on the mind and body:

Acute stress

This is stress resulting from specific events or situations that involve novelty, unpredictability, a threat to the ego, and leave us with a poor sense of control N.U.T.S. This ‘on the spot’ type of stress can be good for you because the stress hormones released help your mind and body to deal with the situation.

i.e.: Almost getting into a car accident or giving a speech in front of people. You feel your heart beat in your throat, you become hyper aware of everything around you, and feel pumped. These are signs that your stress hormones are hard at work!

Chronic stress

This is stress resulting from repeated exposure to situations that lead to the release of stress hormones. This type of stress can cause wear and tear on your mind and body. Many scientists think that our stress response system was not designed to be constantly activated. This overuse may contribute to the breakdown of many bodily systems.

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Chronic stress brings us close to the edge of a cliff and our predispositions (e.g. genetics and/or lifestyles) can push us over. We call this the bulldozer effect!

In fact, chronic stress has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type II diabetes, and depression. But the effects of chronic stress are worst for people at risk for developing these and other problems. For instance, if one has a family history of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or has unhealthy lifestyle habits, then chronic stress can flip the switch that turns on these health problems.

When the stress response system is activated, this automatically affects other systems.

i.e.: Increasing our heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and decreasing our immune responses.

If the stress response system goes out of whack, then other body systems like blood pressure and blood sugar stay in fight or flight mode. In essence, chronic stress causes our bodily systems to deregulate. We call this a domino effect. If the first one falls, then the others will soon follow.

Close-up on… chronic stress

Cardiovascular Function and Salt

The stress hormone cortisol helps to regulate the balance of salt and water in our body. This is essential because too much or too little salt can affect the normal functioning of our heart. The electrical currents that stimulate our heartbeat and the functioning of our heart are highly dependent upon salt (sodium) levels.

You have surely noticed that your sweat is a little salty. We lose salt when we sweat. This is his why drinks like Gatorade® have salt in them. If our sodium levels become too low, then cortisol stimulates a craving for salt.

i.e.: Pizza after moving day really hits the spot!

Cardiovascular Function and Water

Our body is mostly made of water; the range is between 55% in women to 65% water in men. Our blood is fluid because of this water content. The amount of water present contributes to what is known as blood volume.

Blood volume is directly related to blood pressure. Higher blood volume means higher blood pressure. A lot of water makes the heart work harder. This is why certain blood pressure medications (e.g. diuretics) are designed to reduce the amount of water in the system. Less water means lower blood pressure.

If everyday levels of stress hormones are high then the delicate salt/water balance that keeps our heart working normally can be disrupted. In the long-run, this can lead to cardiovascular disease.

Cholesterol

Stress can also indirectly lead to high cholesterol levels. Repeated exposure to stress often leads to unhealthy lifestyles.

i.e.: Eating a diet high in saturated fats, weight gain, increased tobacco and alcohol intake, and decreased physical activity.

These habits all raise the levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol and decrease levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol. But lifestyle alone does not explain the whole picture.

The stress hormone cortisol has to be made or synthesized. The first ingredient of cortisol is cholesterol. When exposed to chronic stress, cholesterol levels increase to make more cortisol. But not all cholesterol becomes cortisol! People at risk of developing high cholesterol (e.g. family history) with unhealthy lifestyle and who are chronically stressed are at greatest risk of health problems.

Insulin Resistance and Type II Diabetes

Insulin is a hormone that carries a message that lowers blood sugar levels and helps us to store energy for future use.

The receivers of messages in our body are called receptors. In type II diabetes, the message carried by insulin is not understood by the receptors and blood sugar levels remain high.

Normally, when cortisol levels rise, insulin secretion stops. After all, we need all the energy we can get! Sugar fuels our muscles and brain. So with lower levels of insulin, blood sugar levels can remain high enough to provide us with the energy we need. Our stress response system has a fail-safe just in case we still have insulin kicking around. Stress hormones make sure that our cells do not respond to any remaining insulin in our system.

If we are chronically stressed, then our insulin levels can remain low and our blood sugar levels can remain high. On top of that, our cells can become almost totally resistant to insulin.

Truncal Obesity

Cortisol first and foremost maintains energy balance. When we expend energy (i.e. use up calories), our body needs to replace the energy lost. Cortisol carries this message: refuel!

Now, the brain and cortisol are always out to protect us. When we are chronically stressed they will ‘help us out’ by making it easier to get at our stored fuel (i.e. our fat tissue). So they begin storing energy in easy-access areas, such as our gut or trunk. The end result is truncal obesity or fat around our midsection.

The unfortunate thing is that our brain and stress response system do not know the difference and take for granted that we have used up the energy. Our brains have not changed much since we were hunter-gathers chasing mammoths, so we react similarly to the stressors of the modern world!

These are but a few examples of how stress hormones are vital to our health. The take home message here is that our body and brain maintain their normal functioning (homeostasis) through the delicate and precise interactions between many systems.

The stress response system and its end product cortisol are key players in these interactions. When the cortisol system becomes deregulated, it affects all other systems that depend on its integrity to function.

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