How long can a company advertise a product as new and improved after it hits store shelves
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Today, a new generation of disruptive brands are shaking up retail — direct-to-consumer e-commerce companies that build, market, sell, and ship their products themselves, without middlemen. Show
An explosion of new direct-to-consumer companies is transforming how people shop. In the process, these brands, spanning everything from detergent to sneakers, are radically changing consumer preferences and expectations. The 22 companies we’ll look at were born on platforms that have marked the post-dot-com internet — Amazon, Facebook, Google, Instagram, and Kickstarter. Direct-to-consumer brands have used that infrastructure to grow fast and connect directly to their customers. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. They’ve built dominant presences in Google’s search results, turned their Instagram followers into micro-influencers, and used highly targeted Facebook ads to grow their audiences. They’ve shown extraordinary resilience amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Not only have these direct-to-consumer brands survived the crisis, but many also kept growing and winning new customers. But what sets these brands apart from traditional retailers? What is Direct-To-Consumer Retail?Direct-to-consumer (or D2C) companies manufacture and ship their products directly to buyers without relying on traditional stores or other middlemen. This allows D2C companies to sell their products at lower costs than traditional consumer brands, and to maintain end-to-end control over the making, marketing, and distribution of products. Unlike their traditional retail competitors, D2C brands can experiment with distribution models, from shipping directly to consumers, to partnerships with physical retailers, to opening pop-up shops. They don’t need to rely on traditional retail stores for exposure. These well-positioned startups are competing with some of the biggest retail brands in mattresses, razors, shoes, and more by rethinking not just the product, but the entire retail model. Casper is taking on the mattress industry; Dollar Shave Club and Harry’s are taking on the razor industry; and LOLA is dismantling the stigma surrounding feminine care and sexual health products. Some of these D2C companies, like Soylent, are building entirely new categories of products. Of course, in this space, no e-commerce company stands taller than Amazon, and every e-commerce company must factor the company into its growth strategy. These companies have figured out how to use Amazon for (partial) distribution of their products or carved out niches away from Amazon‘s marketplace. In this analysis, we examine how these once-tiny startups have made it big. We identified 4 broad areas where these companies set themselves apart — in design, how they launch, the customer experience they build, and how they market themselves. Below, we’ll show you the lessons exemplified by the best D2C companies:
For each company, we combed through CB Insights data, public interviews, product sites, financial documents, news articles, and user reviews to understand just how these companies have built million-dollar, loyalty-inspiring brands. What follows are the results of our analysis — the best practices for building a highly successful D2C retail company.  Lesson #1: When it comes to designing products, simplicity is the new luxuryBefore the internet, the majority of retailers (aside from mail-order companies) were limited in what they could sell by the amount of shelf space they had. That incentivized them to stock the most popular items and cut those that underperformed. In 2004, Wired editor Chris Anderson first began writing about how the internet would change this. Since e-commerce companies didn’t have to think about “conserving shelf space,” Anderson argued, they wouldn’t have to make such decisions about what to stock. More importantly, they didn’t have to limit themselves to what was trendy or what sold the most. They could instead mine the “long tail” of products that didn’t normally get placed in brick-and-mortar locations. Music stores could sell millions of artists’ CDs. Bookstores could sell millions of different books. And doing so would, in the end, be far more profitable than the brick-and-mortar approach. Today, the world’s dominant retailers are all online. The long-tail playbook has won. But the fastest-growing D2C brands aren’t following it. Most of the D2C companies that we studied focus on selling only a handful of different products and many started out with just 1. Casper began by selling what its founders thought was a “perfect” bed. Bonobos started with 1 pair of men’s pants. Harry’s started with 1 type of razor — 5 blades, plus one for trimming. It’s a way to cut through the noise and get people’s attention, to brand your product as “the best.” With so many options available on a site like Amazon, selling just one is a prestige move that establishes that “no alternatives will do.” It’s also a prudent move: only selling one product lets you pivot back to the drawing board and make adjustments as you get feedback from your early adopters. You don’t have to burn all that inventory and eat the costs. You can more easily make tweaks and get V2, V3, V4, and so on out there. To succeed, startups have to use speed and data as an advantage. They have to be willing to fail quickly and change the direction of the entire organization if necessary. Selling just one product — and focusing on making it great — is how CPG companies accomplish that. The success they’re having suggests many consumers agree with their ethos — that sometimes, less is more. Casper: How to sell $100M of mattresses by limiting choiceThe bed-in-a-box startup Casper launched in 2014 with 5 co-founders and 1 fundamental observation about the mattress industry: that buying a mattress is an “awful consumer experience.” The salespeople are pushy, the prices are high, and the different options are confusing. Their goal was to build a mattress company that was different in every way:
In less than 2 years, Casper had done $100M in sales. The promise that shaped the Casper brand in the early days was simple — it made one mattress, and it’s the best. No need to choose. Some of this meant revisiting conventional wisdom around how we sleep. One example was the idea of “sleep positions.” As co-founder and COO Neil Parikh told Architectural Digest, “busting this myth” helped reinforce the idea of selling just the one mattress. He noted, “For a long time we’ve been told that everyone is either a side sleeper, a back sleeper, a stomach sleeper, that’s it… But we were watching a lot of people sleep, [and] it turns out that most people shift positions throughout the course of the night.” People typically shift their sleeping positions during the night. In other words, companies had sold consumers different products for different preferences that didn’t really exist. “It turns out that [just] one product works for most people,” he said. Choice is built into how consumers think about many types of products, but companies like Casper endear themselves to their customers by actually eliminating “unnecessary” choices. In 2014, the New York Times published a 2,200-word piece about the “Kafkaesque” process of trying to buy a mattress. In it, they place the blame directly on this notion of “choice” — if you can call it that. While trying to understand the difference between mattresses sold at different brick-and-mortar mattress retailers, the writer is told by a salesperson that even differently named mattresses may be identical from store to store. There’s no way to know, as the author concludes:
In 2020, when you search for mattresses on MattressFirm’s website, you have a total of 388 options. While the traditional mattress brands and physical retailers were playing a game of confusing choices and high prices, Casper set out to fight the idea that multiple types of mattresses are even necessary. To do this, the company did its research. They found out that there are 2 mattress materials that consumers tend to prefer above others — foam and latex — and when combined, they produce a solid all-around mattress. Some people would still prefer air, or innerspring, but losing those potential customers would be worth the logistical simplicity of only selling one kind of mattress. User rankings for various types of mattress materials. Source: Sleep Like The Dead It was a strategy that helped get Casper to $1M in sales its first month and $100M within its first 2 years. The company also went public in 2020, although at a share price well below its expectations. A similar strategy was followed by another back-to-basics company, Harry’s Razors. Just as Casper had hundreds of years of mattress evolution to learn from in coming up with the “one perfect mattress,” Harry’s knew razors had gotten unnecessarily complicated over the years. The company’s goal wasn’t, however, to roll all that evolution back — it was simply to revert back to the model that had gotten it the most right for the majority of consumers. Harry’s: How rolling back the razor got Harry’s a million customers in 2 yearsHarry’s started out of the same kind of frustration that fueled the birth of Casper: founder Andy Katz-Mayfield went to the grocery store to stock up on blades and mulled over the absurdity of the process:
He called his friend Jeff Raider (who’d previously co-founded Warby Parker: more on them later) and they decided to start a razor company with a simple model: one great razor, with cheap blades, delivered straight to your door They started out with an inventory of 10,000 razor handles in March 2013 and sold out within a few days. Two years later, their company was worth $750M, and in 2018 it generated about $270M in sales. And all of this was built, in large part, on the idea that consumers don’t really need as much choice as they’re being offered when it comes to razors. The strategy stood in contrast to the earlier marketing practices of razor giant Gillette, which was acquired by P&G for $57B in 2005. The company was known for a long time for launching a slew of new products and hyperbolically calling each one “the best.” It was also known in the past for the practice of steadily increasing its prices. Since launching in the early twentieth century, prices on Gillette blades went from pennies a piece to as much as $6 a blade (though Gillette eventually lowered its prices and created new distribution models). It’s a strategy that has been so effective at helping Gillette build dominance that it has become well-known to MBA students everywhere, as
the “razor and blades” business model. According to power law, “the 14-bladed razor should arrive in 2100,” The Economist wrote. Harry’s instead cultivated a brand that embraces simplicity. It only sells one type of blade, and refills come in at about $1.87 a cartridge. You can get a rubber handle to put those blades in for $9, or upgrade to a metal one for $20. That’s pretty much it. It’s relatively narrow compared to the product line of a company like Gillette, which is exactly the point. Two reviews on blade refills for the “Chill” subset of the “Proshield” subset of the Gillette Fusion line evince customer frustration. The single razor option that Harry’s offers, however, actually borrows something crucial from Gillette — it uses the same “optimal” number of blades. Every Harry’s razor has 5 blades, plus an extra one on the back for trimming in tighter spaces — the same blade quantity and layout as that of the Gillette Fusion5 first released in 2006. Where Harry’s sets itself apart is in all the new models and new features it chose not to layer on top of that basic 5-blade model. While Dollar Shave Club (more on it later too) tells you its blades are “f***ing great” and Gillette brands its razors with names like “Mach” and “Turbo,” Harry’s uses a more subtle, affable kind of brand voice. On its social media posts, the company says that “Unlike the big brands that overdesign and overcharge, we make a high-quality shave that’s made by real guys for real guys.” And the owners hone in on this message, saying, “We’ve built Harry’s to reflect our passions and values: affinity for simple design, appreciation of well-made things, and a belief that companies should make the world a better place.” This “guy’s guy” branding is key to the ultimate success of the Harry’s model. It’s not enough to just make only one razor. You need to convince people that the one razor is actually preferable to the other company’s razors. By offering fewer options, Harry’s was able to convince customers that they need look no further for the best razor. Building on that success, the company eventually expanded into adjacent products. Harry’s now offers men’s face wash, shower, and hair care products, along with accessories such as toiletry bags. It also launched a women’s brand, called Flamingo, that sells razors, gels, lotions, wax kits, and more. As sales burgeoned, the company caught the interest of Edgewell Personal Care, an established consumer products giant. Edgewell proposed to buy its D2C rival for $1.4B, but the acquisition didn’t go through because the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) argued the deal would harm competition. The company’s marketing and product prowess served it well during the Covid-19 crisis, as it’s experienced a spike in demand. Allbirds is another great example of a startup successfully putting out a simple product in a field dominated by larger, better-established brands. Here, however, the lesson has more to do with branding and signaling. Allbirds: How cutting sneaker feature creep let Allbirds 4x its first-year sales projectionsBefore Phil Knight started Nike, he was importing Onitsuka Tigers sneakers from Japan and selling them to collegiate sprinters. He was a runner, and he knew from experience that they were a much better running shoe than what was available in the US at the time. As time went on, Nike started selling shoes meant for all sorts of different contexts — basketball, football, skateboarding, golf, wrestling, etc. By contrast, Allbirds, which was founded in 2014, started off selling one type of shoe. That’s by design, as Allbirds co-founder Tim Brown explains: “The insight that kicked this whole journey off was, ‘Could you make a very, very simple sneaker that wasn’t adorned with branding?’ It felt like it was very, very hard to find.” Nike began by reselling a single type of sneaker to a specific market, but it gradually started broadening its line as well as iterating on each one with new features. Nike’s website offered 972 different pairs of men’s shoes in November 2020. Allbirds built its brand around the design of the shoe itself and its nonbranding. The centerpiece of the product is the shape, look, and feel of the shoe. This ethos helped the company raise its $17.5M Series B in 2017, and later, a $100M Series E in September 2020 at a $1.7B valuation. The company closed its stores in March amid Covid-19, but that didn’t stop the release of new running shoes called the “Dasher” a month later. Allbirds’ one-shoe approach found a launchpad in uniform-happy Silicon Valley. Bonobos, the men’s wear brand that launched with one better pair of pants, did too — but it reached far outside the SV bubble by solving a more general problem faced by men in nearly every walk of life. Bonobos: The $310M brand launched by a single pair of good pantsFounded in 2007, Bonobos is the oldest company on our list of D2C stories. The company, which was acquired in 2017 by Walmart for $310M, launched with a simple premise: make a better pair of pants. Succeeding on that premise gave Bonobos clout with its customer base and kickstarted its growth. Six months after the company launched, it was doing $1M a year in annual run rate. Eventually, Bonobos would expand to sell formal wear, swimwear, shirts, and many other accessories, focusing on pieces where men traditionally had problems with fit. The company that built its name only selling a single pair of corduroys initially had revenues of $9.5M in 2010 and nearly $70M in 2013. Andy Dunn and his co-founder started Bonobos with 2 axioms in mind:
In their research, they found that European pants were typically too high-rise and too tight in the thighs for most men, while most American pants were boxy, ill-fitting, and had a lot of extra fabric in the thigh area. That fabric had a tendency to bunch up in the back and give men the appearance of so-called “diaper butt.” They saw that they could build a pair of pants that fit somewhere in between the European and American extremes, and if they did so, they would have a product worth selling. There are echoes of this model in those of Casper (foam + latex mattresses = a middle ground of firmness) and Harry’s (5-blade razors = a middle ground of closeness). If they sold just one product, then they could also sell and distribute their product entirely online. They wouldn’t need a brick-and-mortar location at all, and so they could immediately sell at a virtually global scale. The only problem with this was getting over the hesitancy many people felt about ordering clothes online, especially when — as is true with pants — fit can be so fickle. To solve that, the co-founders copied Zappos and introduced free, no-questions-asked returns. Bonobos encouraged its customers to order multiple pairs and return the ones that didn’t fit. Early customers raved about the fit and the quality of the pants, helping to build trust as the company introduced a wider product line. “Bonobos Stretch Cotton Pants just blew my mind,” read one early forum review:
“[Succeeding] earns you the right to go from product one to product two,” said co-founder Andy Dunn. “Take as much time as you need to get product one right, and to prove it — because if you don’t, no one is going to be waiting on pins and needles for product two.” Pants allowed Bonobos to tell what Dunn calls a “narrow and deep story” to an audience of early adopters to who it could sell further products down the line. He says that pants got people to care about Bonobos the way ties got people to care about Ralph Lauren and wrap dresses got people to care about Diane von Furstenberg. Pants got people’s attention — and built their company into what it became. Allbirds’ one-shoe approach found a launchpad in uniform-happy Silicon Valley. Bonobos, the men’s wear brand that launched with one better pair of pants, did too — but it reached far outside the SV bubble by solving a more general problem faced by men in nearly every walk of life. BarkBox, the subscription toy and treat box for dogs, set out to solve one of the central frustrations of dog ownership for a multi-generational cross-section of pet owners: the overwhelming amount of options available when shopping for your pooch. BarkBox: The box that launched a $150M a year companyPlenty of retailers in the U.S. are cashing in on the fast-growing $75.4B a year pet products market. Most go broad, trying to offer items for every type of pet, from kittens to lizards to parrots. Direct to consumer startup BarkBox saw another opportunity. Rather than try to be all things to all pet owners, the startup was conceived to serve just one demographic — die-hard dog lovers — with just its core product: its eponymous BarkBox. Why a box of dog supplies? Because instead of lavishing attention and money on children, millennials in the modern day are lavishing their attention on their pets. While birth rates among twenty-somethings are at record lows and marriages are also on the downswing, when it comes to pets, millennials are now the biggest market. And those millennials, increasingly, are anxious for ways to spend their disposable income on their animals — 44% of millennials, after all, see their pets as “starter children,” according to a 2017 study published by Gale, a consumer insights consultancy. BarkBox founder Matt Meeker saw an opportunity from his experiences shopping for his dog. Consumers walking through your average big box pet store are beset by a big variety of options, and differentiating between them can be challenging. Spot the difference. He thought he could improve the experience of buying for furry family members by making it more playful. Instead of picking and choosing from various categories of treats and toys, many of which your dog might not like, BarkBox would offer a monthly delivery with a varying cross-section of goods and samplers. Each BarkBox includes a selection of toys, treats, and accessories. He envisioned opening a BarkBox as being an enjoyable experience for both dog and owner — seeking to emulate the surprise and excitement of receiving a gift. That idea resonated with millennial pet owners. Around 92% of millennial pet owners buy their pets gifts, according to a study by online retailer Zulily. Some of that spending has clearly migrated to Bark, BarkBox’s parent company, which says it reached $375M in annual revenue by September 2020. “They’ve tapped into that market of consumers that really don’t see the difference between a kid and a pet,” Phil Chang, retail expert, told Industry Dive. Simplicity has been key to BarkBox’s success. As BarkBox co-founder Henrik Werdelin put it, “Most customers think they want options, but really they want the right options.” Though there are plenty of other pet subscription services around now, BARK remains one of the leading ones. The company doesn’t release detailed financials, but its projected revenue for 2019 was $250M. BarkBox’s popularity has continued to grow. It boasts over 600,000 customers and a 95% retention rate — not bad considering attrition is hurting subscription services such as Blue Apron and others. BarkBox has reportedly shipped 10M boxes and 70M toys since its 2011 founding, reaching over 3M dogs. The company reported that overall subscribers are growing even during the Covid-19 crisis. Customers could pause their subscription if they wanted to, but the rate of cancellations in 2020 is similar to previous years. By focusing on an engaging experience that makes buying fun, BarkBox identified a profitable niche and expanded it. By tapping into a latent, unfulfilled market need, it created an entirely new category. A similar insight birthed Chubbies, another millennial-focused company that offered just one product to a single audience. Chubbies: The shorts that have driven this $40M/year company’s growthStarted by 4 Stanford grads, Chubbies rocketed from a tiny, bootstrapped startup in 2011 to a direct to consumer trendsetter with $5M in venture funding and reportedly $40M in revenue in 2018. The secret to Chubbies’ success is two-fold: shorts and the bros that wear them. “Bros” (here referring to approximately 18-34-year-old, athletic men) wear shorts more often than many other demographic groups, and yet before Chubbies, no brand of shorts set out specifically to endear itself to them. By building a brand that was a monument to the “bro,” Chubbies gave themselves an edge over companies like Levi’s and J.Crew. According to Research and Markets, the men’s and boys’ clothing market in the US generates $121.9B a year. But the shorts segment has historically been left underserved. And like other tuned in retail startups, Chubbies knew how to reach the slice of young men they were targeting. Chubbies’ tongue-in-cheek “manifesto” even rails against pants, calling them “a necessary evil — built for the work week because your boss just doesn’t get it.” Chubbies-wearing bros in the wild. Chubbies shorts are slim cut and come in attention-grabbing colors. One of its bestselling lines is the ‘MERICAs, which sport stars and stripes. The company claims it once sold 10,000 pairs of them in a single day. The company generated early buzz in 2011 by directly contacting the presidents of fraternities and other college clubs. By the following spring, Chubbies had produced enough shorts to meet their expected demand for the entire summer. They sold out in 2 days. Today, Chubbies has 5 brick and mortar stores across the Southern US and California. This is part of a larger trend in which formerly online-only brands, like Warby Parker and Casper, have opened retail outlets. Chubbies didn’t report, however, to what extent Covid-19 impacted its retail stores. The brand launched the WFH Collection of shorts with $5 being donated towards Meals on Wheels for each product sold. But the Chubbies message hasn’t changed. Its clothing is marketed on comfort, nostalgia, and that bro-friendly “feeling you get around Friday at 5 p.m.” Sock-maker Bombas is taking another approach. Despite its bombastic designs and colorful products, Bombas markets itself as offering a technically-advanced and comfortable pair of socks. The resulting brand is less focused on exuding relaxation, and more focused on showing how Bombas offers a solution to the more annoying sartorial needs. Bombas: The engineering problem that pushed it to $100M in annual revenueAfter its 2013 launch, the D2C sock startup said it was bringing in $4.6M in revenue in 2015, a figure that increased more than 10x to $47M in 2017, and then doubled again to around $100M in 2018. Bombas is a good example of the kind of product that can leverage the D2C model to great success. Bombas uses long-staple yarns with antimicrobial and moisture-wicking properties. Where other sock manufacturers have looked to design to vary their product lines, Bombas wanted to fix the core engineering issues seemingly inherent to most inexpensive socks on the market. It reportedly took co-founders David Heath and Randy Goldberg 2 years of testing to settle on each technical feature embedded in the sock, such as a honeycomb arch support to help distribute pressure and a blister tab intended to reduce chafing. The company was betting that customers would be enamored enough with the technical aspects of its socks to justify the high $10+ per-pair price tag. Co-founder Goldberg has likened Bombas’ pricing to that of Starbucks, which managed to increase the ceiling on what Americans were psychologically willing to pay for coffee with a product that resonated with customers. He argues that:
Socks were especially frustrating for co-founder David Heath — he was never able to find a pair that didn’t irritate him in some way, and he resorted to tricks like turning his socks inside out to avoid the toe seam. Bombas co-founder David Heath did not have a good relationship with socks when he was young. Heath and Goldberg’s mission to build a better sock has built momentum largely because the problem of uncomfortable, ill-fitting socks is one that many people can quickly resonate with. But to be successful building a one-product company, differentiating on the product itself — as Bombas did — is essential. Frustrations with existing choices have pushed another entrepreneur, Craig Elbert, into building a better alternative. Together with Akash Shah, he co-founded the vitamin subscription company Care/of in 2016. Care/of: Getting personalized vitamins is as easy as taking a quizBuying vitamins and supplements is a tedious process. Countless choices, lack of guidance, and health buzzwords make it hard for customers to navigate the aisles and identify the products they need. Elbert was painfully aware of this fact from his personal experience. Buying vitamins for himself and prenatals for his wife proved to be a much more complex process than he expected. He then set out to tackle this problem. Together with Shah, who previously started healthcare startup Hometeam, he launched Care/of. The duo set out to revamp the vitamin buying experience and turn it into a seamless digital journey. Customers can select a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and supplements online Source: Care/of Customers visiting the company’s website are first asked to fill out a quiz detailing their age, gender, lifestyle habits, health problems, and diet. From there, an algorithm determines the contents of a personalized pack of vitamins, saving consumers from spending hours looking for suitable products themselves. The selected items are then delivered every month through a subscription service. Customers are also provided with clinical research sources related to the selected products and their use in traditional medicine. The goal is to set realistic expectations. “Some people are led to believe there is a magic pill,” says Dr. Maggie Luther, ND, Care/of’s medical director and formulator, “so we are trying to provide products that are clinically researched and to provide more in-depth information about the ingredients.” Designing the product for simplicity and trust proved to be a decisive move. In 2017, the company had 70 full-time employees and raised $15M by that point. A year later, Care/of was valued at $156M after securing investments from Goldman Sachs’ venture capital unit and several other investors. In 2020, the company expanded into the beauty niche, launching a range of products, including ingestible collagen. In 2019, sales skyrocketed 200% year-over-year. And since 2016, over 5M people have taken the core quiz. They’ve also used the Care/of app to track their vitamin intake and read educational content, providing the company with invaluable insights into customer needs and preferences. Quizzes are designed to help Care/of suggest vitamins for tackling specific problems Source: Care/of Such a wealth of data prompted Bayer to acquire a 70% stake in Care/of, valuing the startup at $225M in August 2020. Apart from additional revenue streams, the Germany-based pharmaceutical conglomerate is also getting access to data that can inform its future product and marketing efforts. And as digital native businesses in the vitamin and nutritional space thrive, brick-and-mortar shops are dwindling down. GNC, for instance, closed thousands of stores over the last several years. Other industries are similarly abandoning physical locations. Brooklinen is showing that a luxury bedding brand doesn’t necessarily require huge department stores but can instead be built online. Brooklinen: Cutting out the middleman allows Brooklinen to made luxury goods affordableTrying to re-create the sleep experience enjoyed in a luxurious hotel in Las Vegas, Rich and Vicki Fulop soon realized that such pleasure comes at a high price. Five-star sheets alone cost at least $800. And weighing quality and price while navigating different stores isn’t easy either. The husband-and-wife duo also discovered that high-end bedding isn’t necessarily expensive because of material and production cost, but thanks to a vast line of markups from retailers, licensees, and distributors, inflating the end price. Cutting them out and going directly to textile manufacturers could bring the price down without compromising the product quality. Brooklinen explains its business model. Source: Brooklinen The Fulops then visited a number of factories. The goal was to find those willing to work with smaller batches. Eventually, the duo decided to manufacture towels in Turkey, sheets in Israel and Portugal, and loungewear in California. But before setting their plan in motion, Rich and Vicki launched a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter, bringing in over $235,000. With a seamless shopping experience, a generous return policy, and quality products, the company flourished. Customers were willing to buy sheets, bedding, towels, and a range of associated items without physically feeling them. Five years since launch, Brooklinen is profitable. It was reportedly on track to make $100M in revenue in 2019. An important factor in this success is that the company “make do without storefronts, slotting fees, distribution, and licensing,” says Rich Fulop. “We’ve cut out all the costs that don’t add value to the consumer.” The Fulops optimized its products in many different ways. For instance, they discovered that men dislike buying sheets in a store. One reason for that might be the division of household tasks that put women in charge of domestic purchases. Brooklinen offers a limited number of colors and patterns. Source: Brooklinen To appeal to men, Brooklinen designed products primarily in gender-neutral colors, such as gray, cream, and blue. Patterns were simple as well, including stripes, windowpane, and grid. And each sale and customer interaction is carefully monitored. The team analyzes popular products and breaks them down by parameters, such as date, gender, and region. The analysis helps the Fulops decide how many products to produce or where to advertise them. A customer service team is another source of insights. Support agents engage people who return products, hoping to discover which pattern or color made them unsatisfied. It was through these engagements, for example, that customers voiced their desire for polka-dot patterns. Brooklinen then added this design to its offering, and it became a top-selling feature. Brooklinen highlights various awards it has won over the years. Source: Brooklinen The company also discovered that its customers don’t care for embroidery. It then removed this expensive feature from its products and reduced their price. What customers cared about was whether the sheets are soft and made in fair-trade facilities, prompting Rich and Viki to focus on these 2 issues. Frequent interactions with customers allow Brooklinen to constantly design new products and improve the existing ones. A loyal customer base also kept the business running during the Covid-19 pandemic, despite an initial dip in sales and shipping delays in March and April 2020. Lesson #2: Building an audience quickly is vital for product launchWhen you sell something like a mattress, or a shaving razor, or cosmetics, your total addressable market is huge. There’s no one out there who doesn’t need a bed. Millions of people need to shave. Because these markets are so big, the brands that dominate them are usually well-entrenched and hard to disrupt. Successfully entering these markets, therefore, requires establishing a high degree of mindshare very quickly. It means going for “shock and awe” launch storytelling over a more subtle, slow growth strategy. And most of the top D2C companies that we studied for this piece did just that when they got started. Casper’s launch party in Los Angeles, featuring a performance by rapper Warren G. Their competition was well-known. They were not. Their competitors spent millions of dollars on advertising every year. They could not. They needed to change this state of play quite rapidly and get at least some semblance of traction — otherwise, they would not be able to survive. In some cases, these companies pursued traditional means like physical advertising but with a more contemporary spin. In others, they got attention in purely unconventional ways. In every case, they got their names out early and started building up a reputation with both their early adopters and their potential future customers. Casper: How Casper broke into the $15B US mattress market by pretending to be a tastemakerThe mattress market in the US alone is worth an estimated $15B. Despite this, few people relish the experience of visiting a mattress store or actually buying a new mattress. At the International Sleep Products Conference in 2015, it was professed by one speaker that “buying a mattress is a treacherous affair, not unlike purchasing a kidney on the black market.” Casper, in some ways, has broken into that $15B market and taken its own share of it by consciously choosing not to be seen as a typical mattress company. This strategy goes back to the company’s origins. Casper’s founders set out to build a “digital-first brand around sleep” from the start. It was never just about a mattress. To build that kind of brand quickly, the company decided to short-circuit the process of mindshare-acquisition by going straight for the American tastemaking jugular. It focused its marketing efforts on just 2 cities:
Casper’s headquarters were in NYC. Every time it “dominated” an underground MTA station with its cheerily-designed ads, it was to reinforce the message that its brand was trendy — and urban. When Kylie Jenner posted a picture of her new Casper mattress in March 2015, it got 800,000+ likes and immediately doubled Casper’s net mattress sales. Casper pays “influencers” with large follower counts large sums of money to promote its mattresses on Instagram and Twitter. All over Instagram and Twitter, you can find heavily retweeted and liked images, GIFs, and videos of influencers sitting and smiling with their blue and white-striped Casper deliveries. This NYC and LA-focused strategy stands in striking contrast to the geographical distribution of your average mattress company. Serta, Tempur-Pedic, and Sealy, which accounted for about half
of the entire mattress market as of 2016 according to Statistic Brain, are headquartered in Hoffman Estates, IL, Lexington, KY, and Trinity, NC respectively. Casper did that by moving out to the coasts and calling upon the tastemakers and socialites to help the company build its brand. Harry’s, on the other hand, did it purely online. It didn’t use influencers. It tapped into the psychology of the waiting list to drive demand. Harry’s: Why 100,000 people lined up for a Harry’s razor subscriptionWhen you think of the things people wait in line for, you might think of the new iPhone. You probably don’t think “the new razor.” And yet Harry’s was able to get 100,000 potential customers to give the company their email addresses in just 1 week through its pre-launch campaign, according to an interview with the Tim Ferriss blog. Harry’s was co-founded by Jeff Raider — one of the co-founders of Warby Parker — so he started off with a good understanding of what worked as far as D2C products go. Find something people overpay for relative to the cost to manufacture, then make it cheaper. Raider further elaborates on his strategy saying that:
But where Warby Parker was very much a soft launch, Raider decided Harry’s would launch with more of a bang. The basic idea was simple: a waitlist. Users who wanted Harry’s, with its promise of better razors at lower prices, could sign up for the list, but those who shared the campaign with their friends and social networks would get all kinds of prizes for doing so, from free handles to razor blades to pre-shave gel. 100,000 people signed up, which generated a huge list of potential customers for Harry’s. It also gave the company a chance to start doing some customer development work, as sending out free handles and razors to the most prolific referrers allowed the company to get a sense for how people felt about its product before releasing it to a wider audience. Harry’s made various tweaks to its handles and razors based on what it learned from those freebie winners early on. After signing up, the Harry’s campaign prompted you to share the waiting list with your friends in exchange for various prizes. The campaign had some simple but effective incentives to encourage people on the waiting list to send links to their friends. The more people you invited, the more prizes you could get:
The results showed that the incentives were powerful at encouraging people to share Harry’s with their friends. More than 1,300 people shared Harry’s with 5 of their friends. Almost 1,000 shared it with 10 of their friends. Getting that many potential customers’ email addresses is a coup for a startup— not only do you have a list of potential future customers on hand, but you also have some indication that those people really want to give you money. In a sense, Glossier was able to engineer a similar formula — get engagement first, then launch the product. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. Glossier: How Glossier turned 1.5M blog readers into $35M in fundingGlossier founder Emily Weiss started her blog Into the Gloss in 2010 while still an intern at Vogue. The idea was to talk to celebrities and various moguls about their makeup rituals, trying to write about them in a more casual, authentic way. The blog got popular, grew, and eventually hit 1.5M unique views every month. It was then that Weiss took the leap into product by launching Glossier — “A total evolution of the same mission, but with tactile content,” as she told Buzzfeed. From a makeup blog to makeup products; from “Into the Gloss” to Glossier. Weiss’ blog has been invaluable in helping her product line grow its revenue 600% year-on-year. When first launching a product called the Milky Jelly Cleanser, for example, CTO Bryan Mahoney recounts extensive product research going on the Into the Gloss blog. Weiss posted in January 2015 asking her readers, “What’s your dream face wash?” As they got answers, they classified the responses that they got by ingredients and concepts. Over the course of analyzing those 400+ comments, they came to a formulation they believed would be a hit with their audience. The blog isn’t just a valuable vector of product research — it’s a source of more prepared and enthusiastic consumers in and of itself. Mahoney told Digiday that people who read Into the Gloss are about 40% more likely to buy products from Glossier than other customers. Glossier’s branding reinforces the idea that beauty and makeup are everyday things. You don’t have to spend hundreds to look good — it’s something that ordinary people can accomplish. You might not assume that the same message would resonate for a brand like The Honest Company. After all, its founder has about 18.6M followers on Instagram. But The Honest Company founder Jessica Alba was inspired to start her business by a very human concern — one relatable enough to turn The Honest Company into a company once valued at $1.6B. The Honest Company: How it helps to have a founder with 15,000,000 Instagram followersCelebrity founders can be purely ceremonial — percentage points on a cap table who get paid because of the exposure they bring to the company. That is not the role Jessica Alba played starting up The Honest Company. But she was able to use her celebrity status to textbook perfection in getting the company noticed and evangelizing its story. Today, The Honest Company is facing an uphill battle to restore its reputation (and valuation) amidst class action lawsuits over its products’ claims and forced recalls. At one point, however, The Honest Company was a CPG darling. Within a year of launching, it hit $10M in revenue. By 2014, it hit $150M. The Honest Company got started while Alba was pregnant with her first child. Aware of how sickly she’d been as a child — how many allergic reactions she’d had to everyday household items — Alba set off furiously Googling all of the ingredients in the soaps and detergents she’d be using to clean the baby and her clothes. The seemingly unending process of trying to find safe and verifiable cleaning products for her unborn child set her off on a quest that led to the founding of The Honest Company. Part of what sets The Honest Company apart from many of the others that we studied is the relative scale of its product line. Rather than starting with just one or a handful of products, it launched with 17. Many of Alba’s advisers warned against this, but for the specific market they were addressing, it was an important, calculated maneuver. Any parent who wanted to buy chemical- and irritant-free diapers was also going to want chemical- and irritant-free baby wipes, and chemical- and irritant-free shampoos, and so on. If they couldn’t get most everything from one place, then they weren’t likely to go hunting around different stores — they were likely to go to a brick-and-mortar retailer or Amazon. Products that are used up and must be replaced relatively quickly are also good products to sell through a subscription model, especially to busy new parents. The subscription model gave The Honest Company a further asset — a built-in incentive to stick with the brand. Gavigan says that:
The company wound up doing $10M total in revenue in its first year. Kirsten Green of Forerunner Ventures holds Alba up as a shining example of the kind of amplification that is possible with a celebrity founder, telling Vanity Fair that “when someone asks if there’s a company that I didn’t invest in that I wish I had, I always say Honest.” Jessica Alba boasts a huge social media following. “Alba has redefined the celebrity business model, distancing it from a famous person’s unattainable aspiration and replacing it with a real connection to consumers,” she added. “Celebrities need to do more than just pose with a product.” When you hear about a celebrity co-founder starting a company, it’s usually something like MSNBC’s Greta van Susteren’s apology app “Sorry,” MC Hammer’s ill-fated search engine (WireDoo), or Ryan Seacrest’s “Typo Keyboard.” They’re not products people are using long after they launch. Jessica Alba, on the other hand, has both proven her public dedication to the mission of The Honest Company. She has 18.6M Instagram followers at her fingertips, while other founders struggle to get any coverage. That’s the kind of reach that Honest used to hit a $1.6B valuation in just 4 years after being founded. Celebrity isn’t enough to launch a product, but it can certainly be a powerful megaphone. It can also help create a community — having a central, known figure to rally around can make it easier to reach people and build a conversation. If successful, that community can eventually take off and be self-sufficient, as we can see in the case of food replacement company Rosa Labs and its first product Soylent. Soylent: Soylent sold $10M+ of meal replacements by making them more like softwareSoylent may sell only a few real products — its eponymous meal replacement drink and a nutrition bar — but the company turned an offering that’s fundamentally food into something that looks more like a software platform with continuous updates and an open-source ethos. That lets Soylent get the benefits of launching (hype, new insights from your customers) on an ongoing basis. Of course, this doesn’t always work out — in 2016, the ill-fated release of the “Soylent Bar” resulted in a vomiting epidemic that ended in the company halting production. A year later, theCanadian Food Inspection Agency banned the startup from operating in Canada due to it not meeting certain nutritional standards required to be classified as a meal replacement. And yet these are the kinds of issues that are easier to surmount when you are constantly reinventing yourself. Soylent Bars need not be an albatross if you can just shed them from your product line. This squares with the long-term strategy behind Soylent as an ever-evolving product. Co-founder Rob Rhinehart started off his experiments with Soylent by posting recipes he was trying on his personal blog and sharing them with others in the biohacking space. “Soylent” itself has come to refer more to the idea of “food replacement” than any specific company or product in the space, and that’s because of this ethos of continual improvement. It’s a message that resonated loudly with the backers of Soylent’s original crowdfunding campaign, which got them $755,000 (its original goal had been $100,000), and helped them raise $50M more in May 2017. Those are software company numbers, which makes sense given the affinity between the business models of Soylent and software. One of the engines of the tech industry’s rebirth after the dot-com crash was cloud technology and the “as-a-service” revolution. Suddenly, consumers could access software over the web — and developers could push updates continuously. This allowed software to improve gradually over time. Customers no longer had to wait for a new version to be physically pressed to a CD, shipped, and released. Soylent takes the same agile methodology and applies it to food. Each new version gets a new decimal-point version number (e.g. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) and a set of release notes on the blog. Each new version also addresses shortcomings in the previous product and iterates based on testing and customer feedback. Soylent’s customers are eager and enthusiastic about updates to the formula and changes to the way the powder tastes. Over 36,000 Reddit users are subscribed to the main Soylent subreddit, /r/soylent. Hundreds are reading about and reviewing different Soylent shipments at any given time, asking questions about which versions taste best and what other food items to mix Soylent with. Each update, however, is merely about bringing small incremental improvements to the core idea behind Soylent. As with Casper and Harry’s, Soylent is meant to be “the one product” that a consumer needs in this space. In other words, Soylent is designed to be more or less nutritionally complete. And the bond it has with customers ensured that the business kept growing even during the Covid-19 pandemic. Like many on this list, BarkBox is an example of a company seeking to deliver a better customer experience by offering fewer choices. By compressing the treat-toy-accessory buying experience into one package, BarkBox simplified modern pet accessory shopping. But to make people take notice, BarkBox looked to the familiar channel of social media for some viral leverage. BarkBox: How BarkBox hit 600,000 customers with little marketing spendBarkBox started in 2011 as a side project for co-founder Matt Meeker. He joined forces with fellow tech entrepreneurs Henrik Werdelin and Carly Strife, but kept the startup lean, only hiring one staff member a year into the launch and building a basic site to test interest. As they grew, Meeker and company began noticing videos on Facebook showing BarkBox customers opening the boxes with their dogs, giving BarkBox an insight that would fuel their growth to 600,000 customers and beyond. These early adopters of BarkBox wanted to show off that they were in on a new service. The founders grasped the marketing opportunity and decided to build a strategy around it. Today, there are thousands of BarkBox opening videos on YouTube. The reason customers enjoyed opening BarkBox with their dog was clear — people love showing off their dogs on social media, and a box full of treats provides an ideal opportunity for content. BarkBox leaned into this customer trait, designing every part of the BarkBox experience in a way that would make subscribers feel like they were part of something special — and make them want to share. From monthly themes which provided month-to-month variety to their content creators, to hand chosen items the team found by combing sites like Etsy, to the upscaling of the packaging itself and the inclusion of huge BarkBox logos, BarkBox turned viral-box-opening into a science. The company devised numerous ways to encourage recipients to post unboxing videos and photos on social media. This included a referral program and coupon codes. When a new BarkBox customer took a video of their unboxing and uploaded it to YouTube or Facebook, tagging it with a specific hashtag, they could get a discount on their next order. Additionally, a content creator who featured a promotional code in their video, or other content, could get a cut of the proceeds from BarkBox. This proliferation of social media sharing defined BarkBox’s marketing approach and put the startup on a growth trajectory that continues to this day. BarkBox is a social media leader in the online dog space, with nearly 3M fans on Facebook and more than 1.7M on Instagram. “If you took out social media, Bark and Co. wouldn’t be a company,” says Stacie Grissom, head of content at BarkBox. “We’ve really invested in entertaining people and engaging with people in deep ways by talking about their dogs and showing them other people’s dogs.” Bombas is another company that aims to be inextricably connected with its community. Bombas is a buy-one-give-one company: for every pair of socks you buy, a pair gets donated. But in an attempt to strengthen its brand proposition to customers, Bombas decided to keep its philanthropic mission local: supporting the homeless in and around the places where Bombas sells its wares. Bombas: How a sock company pitched its business as a missionSocks are among the most requested clothing item at homeless shelters. However, most homeless shelters, citing hygiene concerns, do not allow second-hand socks to be donated. This helps explain why Bombas’ adoption of the buy-one-give-one business model that many other companies have used, including Warby Parker and Toms, wasn’t merely derivative — it was targeted at providing a specific type of support for a marginalized group that was unlikely to get it otherwise. This may also be why Bombas’ campaign has been generally well-received by a public increasingly suspicious of “guilt laundering” from companies supposedly doing good for the world. One common criticism of the buy-one-give-one model argues that companies like Tom’s that distribute wares in impoverished areas can effectively out compete local providers, distorting the market and dampening economic development. Instead of focusing its efforts abroad, Bombas focuses its donations on homeless shelters in the United States — an advanced market where the risk of knock-on negative economic effects would be limited. The idea was also part of the genesis of the company itself. Co-founders Randy Goldberg and David Heath, colleagues at a lifestyle website, were reportedly inspired to start a sock company when they read that socks were the most requested item at homeless shelters. Bombas donates a pair of socks for every pair sold. This kind of mission-based marketing relies on customers believing that they’re doing good when buying from a company, a perception that Bombas has sought to cultivate. Toms was a big early success in this field, but critics took shots at the Toms model for everything from being a “terrible way to help poor people” to fostering a sense of “aid dependency” in recipients of the company’s philanthropic efforts. Bombas aimed to avoid these kinds of criticisms by focusing its philanthropic efforts in 2 ways — by staying close to home, and by giving away a product that targets a specific unfulfilled need of its recipients. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. The company stayed true to its mission during the Covid-19 pandemic, having donated more than 40M pairs of socks to date as of October. The business was booming as well, and Bombas kept growing its customer base. Gymshark has also portrayed itself as being on a mission, although not a philanthropic one. The British activewear producer took it upon itself to provide gym enthusiasts with apparel that’s both practical and ‘Instagrammable.’ Gymshark: Using influencer marketing to grow a cult-like following among gym-goersBen Francis founded Gymshark in 2012 in the UK when he was just 19. Unhappy with existing sportswear choices, he wanted to build a clothing brand that offered affordable and fashionable products to gym-goers. But competing in this field meant taking on giants such as Nike and Adidas. Gymshark offers a range of sportswear products. Source: Gymshark To launch its products and achieve a breakthrough, Francis turned to popular social media accounts in fitness and health niches, making Gymshark one of the pioneers of influencer marketing. Francis says that “At the time, no one else was doing [influencer marketing]. It came totally naturally to us because we were just fans of the guys.” The company initially contacted high-profile accounts such as bodybuilders Lex Griffin, Chris Lavado, and Nikki Blackketter. In exchange for free Gymshark apparel, these influencers were supposed to wear and promote the products on their Instagram and YouTube channels, driving purchases through affiliate links. Chris Lavado’s account on Instagram The strategy proved to be highly successful. Sales boomed, and Gymshark now sponsors 18 influencers, including Irish professional boxer Katie Taylor and the ultra-marathon sea swimmer Ross Edgley. The company has also worked with a number of TikTok influencers, including Wilking Sisters, Rybka Twins, Laurie Elle, and others. Influencers had duties that extended beyond social media. Called “Gymshark athletes,” they attend offline events and meetups around the world, spending time with their fans and promoting the brand. They ramped up promotional efforts before a new product launch and during major sales, such as a Birthday Sale in June and a Black Friday Sale. Fans attending Gymshark events. Source: Gymshark Gymshark uses influencers to bond with gym enthusiasts. And it further deepens brand loyalty by creating an aura of exclusivity around its products. One of the tactics used to achieve this is selling products exclusively through its website and not working with third-party online retailers. And although the company may have missed revenue in doing so, Francis remains committed to this strategy. He firmly believes that “Gymshark has the potential to be to the UK what Nike is to the US and Adidas is to Germany.” In 2020, US fund manager General Atlantic invested over $250M into Gymshark, valuing the company at $1.3B. The funds will be used to expand the business into new markets, including North America and Asia. And despite the Covid-19 pandemic, Gymshark reported strong growth in sales in this period. Lesson #3: Building an end-to-end brand starts with a great customer experienceA key focus for these D2C companies is quality. We’ve talked about how they market themselves and how slim, tailored product lines create a kind of prestige around their offerings. But more important to the idea of “quality” here is the overall experience of buying the product, rather than the product itself. In that regard, D2C brands have positioned themselves as the antithesis to traditional retail giants. Take, for example, a typical buyer journey on Amazon. You go looking for a pair of speakers and are immediately offered a huge selection of choices designed to get you to the checkout as quickly as possible. If you’re unsure about the options, the “Compare to similar items” section might offer even more products. On Amazon, quality is delivered through a tailored selection of choices — each one right for a different kind of shopper. Depending on whether you just need a basic set of speakers for a party or are looking to invest in a decent pair for your home office, you should be able to get what you want no matter what product you click on initially. But you’ll have to make choices and accept tradeoffs. A cheaper product may not be as good as a more expensive one. Amazon’s model gives you the tools to choose but it’s you who has to navigate an array of choices and make painful compromises. The successful D2C companies we looked at, for the most part, approach quality from an entirely different direction. Rather than catering to different levels of interest and motivation — here’s a cheaper bed with [X, Y] features and a more expensive one with [X, Y, Z] features — they cater to the desire for simplicity. They cater to the desire to avoid choosing and the desire for something that is just fine. You can see this if you read critical reviews for many of these products on the internet. A fair number of mattress critics say Casper beds are overhyped. The Honest Company has been in plenty of hot water over the quality of its products. And commenters have described Glossier as ripping off other products and putting them in cute packaging. What they do rave about is the process of actually getting a Casper mattress delivered. What they love is how easy it is to always have fresh blades on hand with Dollar Shave Club, and how simple it is to buy The Honest Company soap. And they have to hand it to Glossier’s choice of packaging. This trend was summed up by Sam Lessin, a tech entrepreneur, who said that “The thing to understand is that Good Enough products aren’t purely commodities racing to the bottom. They are a class of products where the end-to-end experience of selection, purchasing, and customer service is more important than the product itself.” And providing more choice can sometimes be a burden for the consumer. If you’re an expectant mother looking to stock up on shampoo for when your new baby arrives and you search the word “shampoo” on Amazon, you get over 50,000 results. If you’re especially ingredient-conscious, then you may have to comb through pages of results to find something sufficiently chemical-free that you actually feel comfortable using. On the other hand, there are only 21 search results when you search for shampoo on The Honest Company’s site. This greatly simplifies the process of buying something baby-appropriate, and so it’s actually faster and easier than going through Amazon. These companies aren’t necessarily raising the bar on quality or selection (though that may be part of their appeal). They’re raising the bar on the customer experience. They’re delivering a far better razor buying process and a better mattress buying experience. They’re delivering the soap you need in a fraction of the time it would take to find it on Amazon. Their products may be just Good Enough in most cases. The end-to-end user experience, however, is so much better that it elevates them above their traditional competitors. That’s central to their D2C nature. Because these brands can truly own the customer experience and delivery, they can create an end-to-end customer experience that is better than anything Amazon or a traditional retailer can offer. Bonobos: Why an apparel brand aims for 90%+ “Great” ratings on its support emailsAs a previously unknown brand, Bonobos saw early on that providing a differentiated customer experience was going to be important. It needed men to feel confident ordering relatively pricey pants online, and it needed those men to recommend those pants to their friends. This was 2007, so buying clothes online wasn’t new — but there was still friction there. There was one shining model in the e-commerce space to imitate, and that was Zappos. Bonobos founder Andy Dunn saw the exponential growth of Zappos and realized that its growth had little to do with the products they sold (which you could get anywhere) and everything to do with this dedication to “insanely great” service. He saw that “the best way to convince people to regularly buy clothes from a new online company,” as Business Insider wrote, “was to primarily focus on a level of customer service other businesses didn’t offer.” For Bonobos, that meant cultivating a culture of ultra-responsivity on its support team in the first years — a culture that resulted in prompt replies across various customer service channels, including phone, email, and social media:
Central to the Bonobos idea was great pants. But the brand needed to embody this idea of overwhelmingly-great service too. The company didn’t just make great pants, it made shopping for them easy. That branding created an early impact. A good metric for measuring the success of branding is direct traffic rate — how many people come to your site simply by typing it into their browser vs. through referral or other means. In October 2020, Bonobos had a direct traffic rate of 48.97%, according to SimilarWeb. The level of the Bonobos customer experience has remained high over time. In both 2015 and 2016, Bonobos won Multichannel Merchant’s Customer Experience Leader award, beating out companies like Fossil, Lowe’s and Coach. The company also appeared to be relatively unscathed by the Covid-19 pandemic. It closed stores in March and reopened them 3 months later without announcing any layoffs. The company didn’t reveal to what extent the pandemic affected its revenue results, but many D2C men’s brands thrived amidst the lockdowns and shelter-in-place orders. Among the companies that have taken the Bonobos ideology to the next level, Soylent stands out. The Soylent team is actively involved in the community, almost treating its customer base as an extension of the company. That communal ideology has not only helped it attract high-profile funding but powered its hypergrowth. Soylent: The subreddit that convinced a16z to invest in SoylentWith some products, investors are just as interested, if not more interested, in the community than they are in the core product’s features and capabilities. A group of engaged and sincere customers is something far more rare, and potentially more powerful, than a good product alone. With meal replacement startup Soylent, the Reddit community that emerged in the wake of the product’s launch was strong enough that it convinced Andreessen Horowitz to lead a $20M round in the company in 2015. Chris Dixon, who works at the famed VC firm, wrote a blog post announcing the close of the investment, stating that:
The key point here is that Soylent was never just a product — it started life as an experiment into “biohacking” that CEO and founder Rob Rhinehart posted about on his personal blog. In the post, “How I Stopped Eating Food,” the then-software-developer Rhinehart talked about the nutritional meal replacement he had developed to save himself time during the day. He wrote up the complete list of ingredients and the exact steps he took to develop it so people could tweak it themselves. The Soylent subreddit was born a month later. The early subreddit was a place for these experimenters to discuss ingredients, dosages, warnings, and help everyone craft a better “anti-food” nutritional supplement. By 2018, the official Soylent subreddit at /r/soylent had almost 29,000 subscribers. Contributors share different Soylent-featured recipes, ask each other questions, and share pictures of shelves and refrigerators bulging with Soylent: A few crucial early decisions laid the groundwork for this community taking shape:
Rob Rhinehart posts on the Soylent subreddit as a means of connecting with the community and providing support. Part of the power of Soylent is that it’s both a product and an idea. You can buy Soylent from the Soylent website, or you can just print out the recipe, buy the ingredients, and make your own. Add in communities like the one on Reddit, and the product can almost distribute itself. That is not to say the company is operating without challenges. It has reportedly reduced its office size in November 2019 and closed Soylent Innovation Lab. Multiple layoffs were reported as well. And unlike competitors such as Huel, Soylent is yet to report the most recent revenue figures. Meal replacement drinks and mattresses may seem like 2 consumer goods that couldn’t possibly be any more different, but Casper had to be equally novel with their distribution strategy to get attention. Rather than breaking down the idea of food into its constituent nutrient parts, Casper broke down the idea of a bed until it was something they could easily ship through FedEx so it would arrive at your house — wrapped up in a box — overnight and with no hassle. Casper: Why Casper makes it $100-$200 cheaper to return one of its mattressesAs Casper was just getting started, co-founder and COO Neil Parikh asked chief creative officer Luke Sherwin a question that would define how the company thought about distribution and ultimately fuel its rapid growth trajectory: “What if we could compress a mattress to fit into a box the size of a dorm refrigerator?” The 2 founders and friends, who lived together in a fourth-floor walkup in Manhattan, had been wondering how they would ever get a bed up to their apartment. But the implications of that question would affect more than just apartment-dwellers. In 2014, when Casper was founded, there were 10,797 mattress stores across the United States. Why so many?
The end result of all of this is that you are basically within a few miles of a mattress store no matter where you are in the continental United States. Tens of thousands of stores, manufacturers, and distributors make up the supply chain in this $15B domestic industry — and those same tens of thousands became threatened the moment Casper started to figure out the “bed-in-a-box” distribution mechanism. One
of the core premises behind Casper was that the way mattresses were moved across the country was wasteful and inefficient. Thousands of stores and tens of thousands of salespeople weren’t needed to distribute something if you could find a way to have USPS deliver it. Put a bed in a box, and you can ship it. No store or square footage necessary. Crucially, the company also offers free returns. Returns have been a problematic part of mattress purchasing for years. The Better Business Bureau pages of shops like Ashley Homestores are filled with screeds from consumers unhappy that they can’t return their $2,000 mattresses. Many stores refuse entirely to offer returns on mattresses. Some allow you to return the product but have strict limits on how and when it can be done, or require that customers pay hundreds of dollars to ship the mattress back. Casper, on the other hand, will come to pick up your mattress for you if you don’t like it within your first 100 days of sleeping on it. It’s a gamble designed to set the company apart from your traditional mattress store. Mattress returns are a dicey proposition no matter who is selling them. You never know what kind of condition the bed will be coming back in, and no piece of furniture depreciates faster than a bed. It makes sense to levy a large fee to disincentivize the return. At the same time, offering free returns allows people to be comfortable with the idea of buying a bed sight unseen from a brand new and unproven startup — it gave people confidence. Casper in effect had to bet that there would be so few returns that it would be worth it. Due to people liking the beds, or at least not disliking them enough to actually return something they need every night to sleep on, the bet seems to have paid off. But not without cost. Casper’s IPO filing revealed that in 2018 the company lost almost $81M on refunds, returns, and discounts. As Aaron Bata, the head of customer experience at competing bed-in-a-box manufacturer Tuft & Needle, puts it: “Returns are obviously a cost, but that’s something that has to be built in … We think it’s going to be perfect for so many people — for the vast majority of people out there.” Overall, the “bed-in-a-box” concept isn’t just about making shipping easier or cheaper for Casper — it also improves the experience for the customer, who can order without anxiety thanks to the promise of free, easy returns. But the company was also not giving up on customers looking to lie down on mattresses before buying them. It opened over 60 retail stores across the US to capture more sales. It was this combination of in-store and online shopping that allowed the company to overcome the Covid-19 crisis. Casper closed its retail stores in North America on March 17. And in April, it laid off 78 employees, a fifth of its global corporate staff, in an attempt to cut costs and achieve profitability. Despite these turbulences, the company reported $110M in revenue in Q2’20, an increase of $15M compared to the year before. Warby Parker: The $5B eye exam market Warby Parker launched a new startup to take onGlasses, like mattresses, have historically been purchased in brick-and-mortar outlets. You want to test out the bed you’ll be sleeping on the same way that you want to try out the glasses you’ll be wearing — and show them to your friends and significant others. Warby Parker has grown where other similar D2C glasses startups couldn’t by using technology to change that in-person obstacle. The company managed to eliminate virtually all of the objections that people normally have about buying something like glasses online through ingenious customer experience design and homebrew tools. Warby Parker knew people didn’t want to get glasses sight unseen, so it started out by shipping 5 pairs of your choice to new customers so they could try each one on and figure out which they liked best. Then came various experiments with virtual try-on, using webcams and imaging software to try and make the home try-on redundant. It makes sense. When people get eye exams, they’re used to just getting a set of glasses at the office. You’re getting them right at the point of sale. You can try them on. It’s convenient and easy, if undoubtedly overpriced. Getting your prescription handed to you, walking out, and uploading the details to a startup’s website is not a process that feels as natural or easy to most people — even if you can try on at home.
Warby Parker, as a D2C eyewear brand, cannot have floor space at the optometrist’s office. They’re never going to be at the POS the way Luxxotica brands are. So this team inside Warby Parker didn’t try to fight there — instead of trying to muscle into the traditional eye exam flow, they created their own — an eye exam doesn’t even require a visit to an office. Using the Prescription Check app (iOS), users can (using a credit card for scale) measure their prescription and pupillary distance completely digitally. Their results are sent to a Warby Parker-contracted doctor who checks them over. It feeds directly into Warby Parker’s funnel because as soon as it has your prescription information, you’re ready to go pick out a new pair of glasses within an adjacent app. And it’s key to Warby Parker’s business model of disrupting as much of the traditional eyewear value chain as possible — the better Warby does it, the more customers it can strip away. The focus on digital services helped Warby Parker overcome turbulences during the Covid-19 crisis. The company closed retail locations in March and reopened them a few months later with strict rules on social distancing. But e-commerce operations continued uninterrupted, and Warby Parker raised a $245M funding round in August 2020 and introduced new products such as anti-fog lens spray. Using tech to make the buying experience better is one of the most powerful ways that online D2C brands can disrupt big incumbent competitors. It’s a way to bet both on the model and on the future — assuming that technology will get better and more accessible over time, a digitally-enabled distribution model is going to have a more obvious upside than a traditional, lower-tech model. It’s a strategy that has been used to great effect by another company in the business of changing how you look — Glossier. The company had to deal with a similar set of biases and inclinations in consumer behavior, and it’s also changed those through technology. Glossier: How a skin tone matcher fuels checkout at GlossierOnline D2C companies can promote new technology to their users with incredible ease. All they have to do is write a blog post. And that’s all that Glossier did when they first launched its online skin tone matcher tool, which promised to help Glossier’s potential customers identify exactly the right shade of makeup for them. While consumers may be doing their research online and talking to their friends for recommendations, most are still doing the actual purchasing at brick-and-mortar locations like Sephora. Why? Because they want to see how something looks on them before they commit to investing real money into a full supply, according to analyst Karen Grant at The NPD Group. That’s the driving premise behind both subscription services like Birchbox and the simple, quick skin tone matcher on the Glossier website. Click on a product like Glossier’s Perfecting Skin Tint, and if you don’t know which shade you should be buying for your skin color, you can open the matcher. Upload a picture of yourself, place the digital wand over a patch of your face that’s not obscured or covered in shadow, and Glossier’s tool will tell you which shade will match your skin color: When Glossier released this tool on the blog Into the Gloss, it didn’t just get positive comments from women that appreciated the tool and found it useful for identifying new Glossier products to try — it got reviews from people who wrote that the skin tone matcher was why people were trying Glossier for the first time: Source: Into the Gloss While Glossier does run nationwide brick-and-mortar pop-up stores to expose itself to an offline audience here and there, the skin tone matcher is an essential part of the company’s business, just as the makeup counter is for a company like Macy’s. The reason that it makes Glossier such a high-growth startup is simple — an online skin tone matcher is far easier and cheaper to maintain than a retail counter inside a massive department store. Just as Glossier found success updating the process of buying makeup for a millennial audience, MVMT looked to reinvent the way that millennials thought about watches. Once a prestigious conversation piece and functional item, many in Generation Y now see watches more as a fashion accessory. Until MVMT, however, no company had quite figured out how to best position watches, in terms of both price and style, to harness that new kind of consumer preference. MVMT: The $100M audience that MVMT reinvented the watch forIn 2013, 2 college dropouts realized that there was a gap in the watch market. What Jake Kassan and Kramer LaPlante saw was that the burgeoning Millennial generation — a cohort with ever-increasing buying power — desired something that was fashionable and modern, while also remaining affordable. But most of all, they wanted variety. For many millennials, a watch was never a practical necessity — it was an accessory. Something to be combined with different outfits and mixed and matched. Betting on this insight, Kassan and LaPlante created MVMT: a line of about $100-$200 watches, in a wide selection of styles, with distinctly “millennial” branding. By 2017, Kassan and LaPlante grew MVMT to $71M in revenue, according to the company, and built out a team of 40 employees. MVMT also never took venture capital funding, meaning its founders and employees were able to fully reap the rewards of its $100M acquisition by watchmaker Movado Group in 2018. The first pillar of MVMT’s millennial strategy was price. Incumbent upmarket watch brands were selling watches for as much as thousands of dollars each. That sort of price tag put those watches out of reach for most younger customers. MVMT’s watches stripped back some of the bells and whistles on other watch brands to bring the cost down. The goal wasn’t just to make it something that 30-year-olds might be able to afford — it was to make it so that MVMT’s customer base could afford to buy 2, 3, or more MVMT watches. Going direct-to-consumer helped MVMT lower their prices further. After talking to various watch suppliers, Kassan and LaPlante discovered many retailers were taking enormous markups on the watches they sold. Through a combination of selling directly to consumers and using simpler, cheaper designs, MVMT was able to undercut mid-market competitors. MVMT’s social media advertising approach was another big piece of its strategy to reach the millennial audience which other watch brands were missing. Rather than try to compete in retail with the older brands once it got big enough to do so, MVMT chose to stay fully online, a focus which helped it reach almost 2M followers on Facebook and nearly 1M on Instagram by 2017. The vast majority of visitors to the company’s website that year were between the ages of 18 and 35. MVMT also made heavy usage of social media influencers in their bid to boost brand awareness for MVMT. Among the celebrities commissioned to upload photos of themselves wearing MVMT products were Klay Thompson, Kourtney Kardashian, Kylie Jenner, and Alyssa Lynch. MVMT also used “micro-influencers” — social media personalities with around 50,000 followers — to help drive likes on its pages. While other watch brands like Fossil and Daniel Wellington have similarly targeted the millennial market, none have done so with as significant a social media focus as MVMT. And that’s been key to accomplishing MVMT’s main goal: getting millennial consumers to see the watch as a fashion accessory to be purchased in multiples rather than a prestigious item. As Efraim Grinberg, Movado Group chairman, said, “[You have to get] them engaged in wearing watches as an accessory early on. You can do that with brands like MVMT… One day the ones who can afford it will move into better watches as well.” And this approach helped MVMT to remain profitable despite Movado Group struggling amid the Covid-19 crisis. One hope for Movado Group, which operates numerous watch brands, is that those consumers will be ready to be upsold on more expensive watches down the road. And just as MVMT shows that high-quality products can be offered at an affordable price, the wine subscription company Winc is applying the same philosophy to grow its business. But selling wine is unlike selling watches. The customer journey to a world of exclusive wines starts with a short questionnaire. Winc: How a brand reverse-engineered the vine production to revitalize its businessXander Oxman and Geoff McFarlane launched Club W (now Winc) in 2012. The startup offered various wines through a subscription service. But before customers were directed to purchase, they had to fill out a short questionnaire. Their answers to questions about how salty or citrusy they prefer their food changed the type of wine their algorithm would recommend. The idea was that instead of visiting stores, deciphering labels, and ultimately just picking up the prettiest bottle, customers let the algorithm suggest a wine that they’d actually like. Winc uses a questionnaire to collect customer data and provide wine recommendations Source: www.winc.com But this business model initially didn’t work out as planned. Too much competition in the $70B US wine market and sommeliers not taking Winc seriously depressed the growth. So, in 2016, the company decided to pivot from curating to creating wines. The new strategy was simple. Winc would use the data it amassed on consumers’ wine preferences to inform its production and come up with tastes people would like. And to set this plan in motion, the company joined forces with winemaker and sommelier Brian Smith. “We had this very direct connection with customers that doesn’t really exist in the wine business,” says Smith. “So, we’re able to kind of reverse-engineer wine production.” Making its wine and selling it through subscriptions that start at $39 proved to be a visionary move. In 2018 alone, Winc produced over 300,000 cases with around 100 labels. Revenue reached $38M a year later. Chop Shop cabernet sauvignon and Summer Water rosé were some of the top sellers, with the latter selling over 36,000 cases. And since 2012, the company has secured over $47M in funding. Summer Water rosé, one of the Winc’s bestselling wines. Source: Winc Sommeliers have also come to appreciate Winc’s brands. Around 15% of revenue reportedly comes from retail shops and restaurants, while the company also supplied the Hollywood Bowl, Brooklyn’s Barclays Center, and other concert venues. The Covid-19 pandemic hasn’t damaged Winc either. The company had some of its best customer acquisition days in March 2020 and remains confident that sales and signups will continue to grow. Data remains at the heart of Winc’s success. The production team relies on more than 5M customer ratings to identify flavors likely to appeal to as many people as possible and adjust existing formulations. The company also tracks the frequency at which products are reordered. It even analyzes private customer notes on past purchases that aren’t posted publicly. The algorithm uses these pieces of information to refine wine recommendations further. Customers also receive personalized emails that inform them of the availability of wines they previously liked or new brands they’re likely to enjoy. These targeted emails ensure that people will return as customers. As a result, customers are willing to spend ever more money, prompting the company to launch several high-end varietals, such as a $59.99 syrah called Baseline. Winc succeeded in creating an excellent customer experience because it simplifies an arduous process. Hims (and its sister brand Hers), a telehealth company, has adopted a similar strategy. It helps customers treat a range of often stigmatized health issues from the comfort of their homes and avoid a visit to the doctor’s office or pharmacy. And both companies have verticalized various aspects of their operations. Hims & Hers: Winning customers by helping them skip the trip to the doctor’s office or pharmacyErectile dysfunction (ED) and hair loss are some of several healthcare issues that millions of men find taboo. Many will never even speak with a doctor about them. To help men treat these issues discreetly and on their terms, Andrew Dudum launched Hims in 2017. Initially focused on hair loss and sexual health, this telehealth platform now offers treatments for acne, allergies, infections, and various other conditions. Hims offers products through a subscription model. For instance, a monthly supply of Sildenafil, which treats ED and is the active ingredient in Viagra, costs $30. And a hair loss solution consisting of pills, shampoo, and vitamins costs $37. Those interested in a prescription will be matched with a physician who will evaluate if a prescription is appropriate. Once approved, products are delivered by mail in discreet packaging. Hims & Hers delivers products in low key packaging. Source: Hims The company also launched the Hers site in 2018 to cater to the needs of female customers. From birth control pills to hair loss kits, women can buy various prescription and over-the-counter products in a convenient way. With Hers, founder and CEO Andrew Dudum said, “[Customers are] bypassing waiting in line at pharmacies. They’re bypassing scheduling appointments and paying copays. They’re bypassing awkward conversations with their doctor.” In March 2020, Hims & Hers introduced Covid-19 home saliva tests and self-assessment tools. Also, mental health therapy is now available for those dealing with issues such as depression or anxiety. Hims & Hers offers at-home COVID-19 saliva tests. Source: Hims And the company hopes to launch almost 100 new products in 2020. To achieve that goal, it started offering real-time consultations in all 50 US states, competing in the $9.5B telehealth market. Providing an excellent customer experience while growing is no easy feat. To continue delighting customers, Hims & Hers has integrated a number of features into its cloud-based platform, including telemedicine, a fulfillment pharmacy, subscription services, and e-commerce. The multi-pronged strategy was more than successful. The company hit $83M in revenue in 2019 and expects this figure to reach $138M in 2020. And Hims & Hers is going public via a SPAC sponsored by Oaktree Capital Management, hoping to raise $280M at a $1.6B valuation. Investor presentation published by Hims & Hers This success story illustrates the importance of having an intimate knowledge of customer problems. It allows the company to test the waters with a small number of products before branching out. But not every business is keen on adopting this strategy. LOLA, for instance, is focused on expanding its footprint only in the feminine care and sexual health niche, primarily serving women. And its example shows that this D2C strategy can work remarkably well. LOLA: Dismantling stigma about feminine care and sexual health helps LOLA bond with customersLOLA started as a subscription service in 2015, offering organic cotton tampons and pads. Three years later, the company broadened its product line, adding condoms, lubricants, cleansing wipes, and other reproductive wellness products. But standing out in an intimate and stigmatized category requires more than good products. Jordana Kier and Alex Friedman, LOLA’s founders, have found their leverage in encouraging candid conversations about topics seen as taboo. This brought consumers closer to the brand. No longer constrained by social norms, women felt comfortable talking about their period or sexual experiences. Lola offers a range of feminine care products on its website. One in 4 customers have engaged the company, whether through texts, emails, DMs, or some other channel. This level of interaction improves customer loyalty. The founders played a vital role in helping LOLA bond with its target audience as well. Kier and Friedman, for instance, shared their first period stories, which prompted many moms to reach out and check whether the brand offers products for teens. The launch of sexual health products, branded as Sex by Lola, was followed by an campaign called “Let’s Talk About It.” Customers could call the hotline number (1-622-HEY-LOLA) and listen to thoughts on sex and reproductive health by several celebrities and influencers, including actress Lena Dunham, sexologist Shan Boodram, and naturopathic doctor Corina Dunlap. And listeners could leave a message, and hotline speakers would return the call later on. The company also created a mural in Brooklyn as a part of this campaign. Let’s Talk About It mural in Brooklyn. Source: The Drum LOLA also organized other educational series. #FirstPeriodFridays and #PeriodRoutines, for example, encourage women to talk about their period experiences on social media. Women sharing their period stories on Instagram as part of the #FirstPeriodFridays series. Source: Instagram Having an engaged audience helped with product development, too. When creating its sexual wellness products, LOLA used email surveys to gather data from 3,000 customers. It also used focus groups and at-home testing to gauge user satisfaction with potential products. This research led to new insights — like 57% of women felt judged when buying condoms. This data helps the company fine-tune its products and marketing tactics. LOLA connected with customers by empowering them with information about their period and sexual health. Women felt encouraged to reveal how they feel, which was an important part of the overall customer experience. It allowed the brand to differentiate itself from established competitors. This then translated into more sales and new investors, helping the company secure $24M in Series B funding in 2018 on top of $11.2M raised before. The well-funded LOLA didn’t disclose to what extent the Covid-19 crisis affected its operations. But it’s likely been a minor bump as other feminine care startups enjoyed a huge increase in sales. D2C companies hope that these events might lead to long-term changes with more women buying feminine care items online instead of visiting brick-and-mortar stores. Lesson #4: Ubiquity and virality are crucial for sales of physical products to take offPerhaps the greatest inherent advantage that D2C startups have over their incumbent competitors is a better grasp of the inherent dynamics of the internet. That means everything from how the power of SEO compounds over time to how to create an organic, viral-ready infographic. The D2C companies that we studied understand how these channels work and have been able to bend them to their will in order to grow. Using the internet as an advantage can be a challenge when dealing with physical products — which is why so many traditional retailers are bad at it. But when it’s done right, it can be a huge boon to growth. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. On the one hand, you have the kind of top-down strategy that’s heavy on search and social. Casper’s referral program, according to Extole, generates as many as 5 new Casper customers with each share. In addition, the company works on creating referrals from various third-party sites — but most critically (at least for the mattress industry) Casper invests in SEO. On the other hand, you have a strategy that’s more bottom-up, focused on getting “micro-influencers” or ambassadors to spread the word for you. Glossier, for instance, doesn’t want you to go visit their store in SoHo because they think you’ll buy makeup. They want you to go so you’ll take pictures of the store, post them on Instagram, and share them so that other people all around the world will buy makeup. Regardless of which tactic they take, the best D2C companies don’t just tack on social referral and sharing — they make it into a core part of the product experience. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. Casper: How Casper engineered their way to sky-high search ratingsSearch engine optimization (SEO) is a great way for D2C brands to short-circuit their incumbents’ widespread recognition. Get up front in Google, and you get both clicks and the authority that comes with being #1. But the mattress industry is especially cut-throat when it comes to figuring out who’s going to rank first in Google’s search results. Casper did a lot of work setting up search-specific landing pages and funneling AdWords money into the site to elevate itself above its rivals and get its critical share of 550,000+ monthly mattress Google searches. In fact, the company appears at the top of the results for so many mattress-related terms that some of Casper’s rivals argue that it amounts to anticompetitive behavior. To track Casper’s prevalence in Google, we can use Ahrefs‘ URL rating (UR). This is a type of proxy for Google’s PageRank, it measures how visible your site is generally in search. Casper’s is 81, tied with Bonobos, and more than double that of the D2C company with the next highest UR, Everlane. UR is a metric designed by Ahrefs to act as a proxy for PageRank, which Google has used to rank search results. The higher your UR, the higher up your site generally appears in search results. The key to Casper’s Google strategy has been creating customized landing pages for every conceivable keyword people could be using to search for and buy a bed. There are a ton of mattress companies trying to buy their way into Google’s search results, so being comprehensive is important to being seen. Say you want to buy a mattress and you live in New York City. Casper knows this is a great market because the company can deliver in hours, not weeks. So it put a landing page up just for NYC and made sure that anyone searching for terms like “buy mattress NYC” would see it at the top of the search results: The ad is customized very specifically for NYC in a way that none of the other resulting ads are. Casper tells you that you can get your “NYC mattress” today, that you can get it within a one-hour window, that they will help you set it up and that they will take the packaging away. The Mattress Firm ad underneath gives you a bunch of generic information about the brand while appending the word “New York” to the headline, and the Raymour Flanigan ad under that is not customized at all. From a “reviews” landing page to a “duvet inserts” landing page, the company’s built a similar kind of customized SEO flytrap page for virtually every keyword that could be typed in by someone preparing to buy a mattress. “Casper’s dumping so much money into Google Adwords,” Daehee Park, a cofounder of (competitor) Tuft & Needle said in Wired last year, “that it’s not sustainable for the up-and-coming … A lot of chatter among new entrants is, ‘how do you guys sustain yourself?’” (Wired alsonoted at the time that Casper was the first result when you search for Tuft & Needle on Google.) It’s very expensive building traffic this way, with dozens of individually customized landing pages tailored to hyper-specific search keywords. But in the insanely competitive world of mattress SEO, it’s been Casper’s trump card. It’s fair to say a good amount of the $240M the company raised has gone to Google over the last few years. At the complete opposite end of the spectrum, we have Dollar Shave Club. It didn’t spend years grinding to build its PageRank juice, and yet it’s been able to drive 25M views off its viral explainer video that the company spent just $4,500 to make. Dollar Shave Club: The science behind a 25M view viral videoThe famous “Our Blades Are F***ing Great” video made to promote the launch of Dollar Shave Club has now been viewed over 25M times. If you haven’t seen it, you should. It’s a great example of the kind of marketing that can launch a business, both through the number of eyeballs it reached and the number or conversations and referrals that it created for the company. And while it may sound somewhat difficult to replicate — “Just make a viral video!” — the truth is that the legendary Dollar Shave Club launch video was much more planned out than it seems. The video cost $4,500 to make and it was shot entirely in one day. Founder and CEO Michael Dubin’s friend, director Lucia Aniello, helped — the 2 studied improv together at the Upright Citizen’s Brigade in NYC. On March 6, 2012, Dubin uploaded it to YouTube and hit “Publish.” It was 6:30 am.
At 9:30 am, dollarshaveclub.com had crashed. A day later, when he finally got the site back online, 12,000 orders came in almost immediately. The success of “Our Blades Are F***ing Great” was sudden, but it was no accident. Dollar Shave Club took several very intentional steps to ensure the video would have the greatest chance possible to become a hit:
Behind this viral hit was a whole framework of preparation designed to amplify and power the video’s signal. And yet if you were just watching along with everyone else, it looked totally organic — the video was funny, Dubin was funny, and it felt like the company earned the coverage and hype. As a source told The Information, “It’s a way to look like an earned media groundswell, but in fact it’s paid media.” The key to success here, however, is actually producing something of value. It needs to be credible that it actually earned its media. Earned it. It pulled that off. The production quality of the piece, while high, gave the sense of a scrappy, bootstrapped startup. The place of publication — YouTube — gave it an inherent way to go viral. It was sent from person to person, acquiring an “organic” buzz that wasn’t dampened by the fact that some of that organic-ness had been purchased. Dollar Shave Club got a ton of traction out of a single video that was made to explain how its business was different than that of Gillette or Schick. Warby Parker also used the power of video to expand its brand, but it didn’t rely upon just a handful of viral clips it produced. Instead, the company encouraged its customers to make videos themselves — videos that would drive leads, for free, through social media. Warby Parker: The CTA that drove 68,000 user-generated videosViral videos can be a powerful marketing tool, but no one can reliably go viral. Warby Parker took a bit of a different approach to spreading the word through video, and what it did is ultimately far more repeatable and scalable than the single-viral-video approach. The company asked all of its customers to make content promoting the brand, to take pictures and videos of their different home try-on kit glasses as they tested them. When looking at customers who never created this kind of content versus people who do share images or videos of their home try-ons, Warby Parker found that those who shared content were 50% more likely to actually make a purchase. That made clear this was a serious channel and one it needed to pursue over the long-term. It isn’t just pitched as free advertising, of course — the key to the Warby Parker strategy is that people had an inherent desire to share their photos already. They wanted to share with their friends and get feedback on how the different glasses looked. Warby Parker was just asking people to take it one step further and share with strangers and the wider world. While the company’s physical packaging and help site say that the idea here is to give people an idea of which glasses they should buy, there’s been a clear marketing benefit to encouraging thousands of people to take videos of themselves wearing Warby Parker products. In 2020, there were tens of thousands of results on a Google video search for the term “warby parker try on.” Of course, many of these top results are influencers, people who have been sponsored by Warby Parker: The more videos that are out there, the more people will feel empowered to make their own videos, and the more glasses sets that Warby Parker will end up sending out. It’s a self-reinforcing cycle. And Warby Parker started to integrate that cycle even deeper into the core product in 2015, when they added a video capture and sharing option to their app on iOS. “Our customers are already actively sharing photos on social channels to get real-time feedback from friends and family, so we thought we’d take that one step further,” Warby Parker co-founder David Gilboa told The New York Post. Warby Parker was able to drive a lot of social sharing of user-generated content (UGC) using simple packaging CTAs and some influencer marketing, although the company has since then pivoted to many other marketing tactics. It’s a great example of how brands can leverage the specific physics of social media to grow their businesses faster. Few, however, have done it better than the D2C makeup brand Glossier. Glossier: How Glossier uses its 2.7M micro-influencers to drive salesWith more than 1B monthly users reported in June 2018, Instagram is much more than a way to promote or advertise your brand, it’s a market that can drive the growth of a brand all on its own. Glossier is a digital-first cosmetics brand that has used Instagram as a growth vector better than most other brands out there. CEO and founder Emily Weiss started the company as an Instagram handle — @glossier — and began the product development process by simply posting photos in a wide assortment of styles and aesthetics, gauging what her followers did and didn’t like. Today, the Glossier community is 2.7M strong and crucial to encouraging the kind of repeat and referral business that Glossier needs to grow. “70% of online sales and traffic comes through peer-to-peer referrals,” Weiss told Entrepreneur in 2017. By the summer of 2017, Glossier’s Instagram ambassador program alone was responsible for 8% of that. Instagram has always been an important part of the Glossier business. Early on, it was mostly a way to get product feedback. Then, Glossier realized that people liked posting pictures of their deliveries on the platform, and the company saw a behavior that it wanted to encourage more of. Glossier started packaging sets of stickers with each Glossier delivery, encouraging its customers to customize their deliveries and share an image to Instagram: Just about every Glossier product comes loaded with both whitespace and stickers, an ideal combination for a product which can be easily customized in different ways. Today, if you create a high-enough-quality piece of content out of your Glossier order, you may get reposted to the main @glossier feed and exposed to the company’s 2.7M+ followers. Reposting images that fans create makes the Glossier feed feel more like a community and encourages even more people to create content. That increase in demand and engagement also allows them to raise the bar on the quality of that content, allowing the feed to get better over time as more and more of Glossier’s fans get involved in making content. It is a simple yet powerful flywheel strategy:
High-quality and prolific Glossier content creators are invited to become ambassadors for the brand online. They get a specialized coupon code that they can use to promote Glossier products, and then they receive a cut of all the sales that go through that code. It’s a strategy that allows Glossier to take that high-quality UGC and turn it into something that can directly drive sales, not just branding — the more content that’s out there, the more surface area for people to be exposed to Glossier products. And by engaging with these ambassadors, the company incentivizes “micro-influencers” to work hard in spreading the Glossier brand. It’s a relatively strenuous kind of program to set up and maintain, but it’s worth it for Glossier as referrals overall represent such a huge part of their revenues. This sales channel has become even more important in 2020. The company closed its retail stores in March 2020 and won’t reopen them for the remainder of the year and even beyond. Employees across US and UK offices have been laid off, and Glossier is focusing solely on its e-commerce business. Everlane, on the other hand, took a much lighter touch in trying to spread the word about their company. Rather than groom influencers and reps to promote the brand to their friends, Everlane used the reliable mechanics of social media to get the company’s name to reverberate without much effort and went viral. Everlane: The one infographic that got Everlane 20,000 new fans and helped sell out the company’s first productsIn a 2012 Tumblr post tagged “It’s a Fact,” Everlane put out an infographic detailing the “real cost” of producing a designer t-shirt. The infographic, which quickly went viral, both established the “radically transparent” Everlane brand and fueled the instantly-sold-out sale of the company’s very first product. From cotton to cutting to finishing and transport, the infographic laid out all of the actual expenses needed to make a shirt. Below that, Everlane illustrated how the markup added by the wholesaler and retail store got added on top. Below that, the
graphic showed the total cost to the consumer: $50, for a shirt that cost only $6.70 to produce. The post was part of a viral campaign that started on Twitter. Everlane followed up its Tumblr post by posting the infographic on Facebook, along with their response to the controversy. And according to Business Insider, all of these separate social media campaigns (all with the same basic content) got Everlane 200,000 organic users in a year. The company launched its site shortly after launching this viral campaign, and sold out its first product almost immediately — a simple $15 t-shirt. PR coverage followed in the aftermath of this product launch and used the infographic to ground people’s understanding of the Everlane business, giving the message it was trying to amplify even further reach: But some of this hard-earned reputation may have been lost during the Covid-19 crisis. After laying off and furloughing around 200 employees, Everlane was accused of primarily targeting employees who championed unionization efforts. The company refuted the allegations. And to keep its business running, it doubled down on e-commerce and introduced curbside pickup and sidewalk shopping to some of its stores. Social media isn’t the only approach, though. As The Honest Company shows, leveraging search can make for just as powerful an opportunity as leveraging social. Millions of people use Google everyday to find answers to questions and solve problems. If you can turn your company into the internet’s best answer to a frequently asked question, or be the salve for a routine pain point, then you may have a huge growth vector on your hands, and The Honest Company has proved that millions of qualified clickthroughs over. The Honest Company: How ranking #1 for chemicals found in home goods helps Honest Company growThe impetus for The Honest Company came to co-founder Jessica Alba while she was researching what products — detergents, baby powder, etc. — would be safe to use on her unborn child. What she found was that all manner of household products contained ingredients that might be dangerous. As the list of chemicals she couldn’t identify grew longer and longer, she found herself spending late nights Googling them, desperately trying to understand what they were for and whether they were safe. Today, if you’re curious about whether these everyday chemicals are safe to put near your son or daughter, then the odds are good that you’re going to land on one of The Honest Company’s highly-trafficked blog posts about them. On their blog, The Honest Company picks apart common chemical ingredients in household items and talks about what they are, why they’re used, and whether or not they’re actually safe to use around your child. It serves both as educational content and, naturally, as lead gen for The Honest Company’s line of natural, transparently-made health products — and it drives 100,000+ visitors to their site every month. The Honest Company’s blog has written explainer pieces on dozens of the most often used chemicals in everyday household products, including phenoxyethanol; sodium lauryl sarcosinate; tocopherol; potassium sorbate; cholecalciferol; and behentrimonium chloride. The corresponding pages are some of the most highly-trafficked pages on the site in its initial years apart from their main brand landing pages (traffic estimations from Ahrefs):
Keep in mind this isn’t necessarily about spreading FUD (fear, uncertainty, doubt). The company’s popular post on tocopherol, for instance, cites the naturally-occurring compound’s ability to fight inflammation in the skin and reduce damage from free radicals: A huge number of the clicks to their blog come from what are essentially pre-qualified Honest Company customers, making this a powerful strategy both for generating interested customers and for promoting the Honest brand. This approach helped the company grow its sales 32% even amid the pandemic, approaching $350M on an annual basis. While this kind of pre-qualified, bottom of the funnel approach may suit the discerning consumer’s needs, getting organic traffic looks different when you’re aiming to capture the awareness of as many people as possible. At BarkBox, SEO was never as important as content — specifically the creation of pictures, videos, and memes featuring our furry 4-legged friends. BarkBox: How dog memes became BarkBox’s competitive advantageBarkBox professes to want to be a “Disney for dogs.” This means offering dog owners everything they need to lavish gifts and fun experiences on their pets. It also means creating and sharing videos, images, and even books that make dog lovers smile and can keep the cash register humming. To turn that kind of ambition into a growth strategy, BarkBox has gone down a path which many other consumer packaged goods companies haven’t been willing to try. Instead of trying to optimize its marketing costs and lower its CAC (customer acquisition costs), BarkBox has spent millions hiring comedy writers, actors, and others to help build out what is essentially a digital ad agency inside BarkBox. This team has been dedicated to making the funny, meme-inflected dog content, and that has turned out to be one of the best social media growth strategies the company could have chosen. BarkBox’s Twitter replies and favorites eclipsed those of Petco, PetSmart, and other more traditional pet retail companies. BarkBox arrived on the radars of many advertising professionals during the 2017 Super Bowl, when a video it posted of 2 dogs rolling around significantly outperformed the Super Bowl spots of major advertisers like Budweiser and Airbnb. Another video it posted during the game, comparing various dogs to Tom Brady, got 2M views and was shared more than 15,000 times. Not only did its dog-centric content outperform traditional advertisers on social, but it (massively) outperformed the content of its big-box competitors like Petco. The key to BarkBox’s success has been humor. Before it was a well-known service, the marketing team inside BarkBox was always looking for ways to hook into current trends and use the emerging power of memes to fuel content. Today, the company is still vastly ahead of its big-box competition on this front. On the left, a post from BarkBox’s Super Bowl campaign from 2017. On the right, Petco’s social media campaign around the AFC Championship game in 2019. BarkBox even built out its own dog-themed branded-content agency and influencer marketing project, BarkPost, to further capitalize on its expertise in dog marketing. Since BarkBox began its meteoric ascent, the status of the Instagram dog has risen significantly. Today, many of the top Instagram dog influencers have millions of followers and are courted constantly for placement in ads for some of the world’s biggest companies. By positioning itself within that space and helping connect dog influencers with clients like Subaru and American Express, BarkBox is aiming to stay relevant and powerful within this niche that has been so important for its growth. Tying humor and pet memes together with branding has been “the perfect formula” for BarkBox, according to Speakr founder Marco Hansell. Dog-themed content has proven so powerful because it cuts across socio-cultural lines and social media algorithm-induced bubbles in ways that few other types of content can. For BarkBox, it has proven to be an effective way to thrive and grow its audience through social. In other words, BarkBox is not just a subscription box company. It’s not just a dog company, either. It’s an entertainment company earning revenues from pet supplies. It understands the forms of humor, quirkiness, and personal connection that appeal to dog lovers, expertly leveraging those insights to drive success. The power of social media wasn’t lost on beverage brand Dirty Lemon either. It grew thanks to Facebook and Instagram before eventually moving away from these marketing channels. Dirty Lemon: How SMS sales and cashierless stores set Dirty Lemon apart from the crowdDirty Lemon was founded by Zak Normandin in 2015. At $10.83 a bottle, it wasn’t the cheapest flavored water on the market. It’s enhanced with ingredients such as charcoal and ginseng and comes in 10+ varieties. And the water supposedly offers various health benefits, from reducing wrinkles and decreasing stress to improving digestion and boosting energy. But it still took a lot of effort and money to turn a bold idea into reality. Upon the product launch, Normandin was spending up to $30,000 a day on Instagram ads. The brand also partnered with actress Minka Kelly, fashion designer Pia Baroncini (Arrobio), and other celebrities and social media influencers. Social media influencer Pia Baroncini (Arrobio) promoting Dirty Lemon on Instagram Massive ad spend quickly led to widespread recognition. But instead of selling products through as many channels as possible, Dirty Lemon beverages could only be bought by text message. This created a mystique around the product and increased demand. “When you restrict distribution,” says Normandin, “and people are seeing a lot of something, it naturally creates demand no matter what the price point is. That was part of the appeal. The fact you couldn’t buy it everywhere. It was like a secret.” Customers are supposed to visit Dirty Lemon’s website to link a credit card and delivery address to their phone number. Ordering bottles of water is then done simply by texting the designated number. Customer service agents are there to help in case of any problems. This so-called conversational commerce proved to be highly effective. Dirty Lemon sold over 2M bottles since 2015. SMS also allows the company to collect data, stay in touch with customers, and win back those who churned. Coca Cola recognized the potential, too, and led a $15M round of seed funding into Dirty Lemon’s parent, Iris Nova, in 2018. But as more advertisers flock to social media, the cost of ads has skyrocketed. Dirty Lemon found advertising on Instagram no longer makes financial sense. On top of that, people are skeptical about influencers. Normandin decided that staying viral and standing out from the crowd requires turning away from social media ads to offline marketing, namely, staff-free retail stores. One of the Dirty Lemon stores And the first such store popped up in New York. Customers simply walk in and pick up drinks and text the company for the bill. Despite initial concerns that people might steal drinks, the theft rate is between 5% and 10%. While this might seem high, Normandin argues that the store is profitable. And Elie Katz, president and CEO of National Retail Solutions, a provider of point-of-sale solutions, explains that “offering small-ticket items on the honor system isn’t as risky as it sounds.” Dirty Lemon is also teaming up with Walmart and will sell beverages at around 500 stores at $6.99 per bottle. A Dirty Lemon order for drinks taken from a staff-less store. Source: www.tinuiti.com What didn’t change is using SMS as a primary sales channel. In fact, Dirty Lemon doubled down on this technology by acquiring the chatbot company Poncho in 2018. “We’re testing this with beverage right now,” said Normandin, “but the technology that we’re developing could apply to beauty, personal care, home goods, anything that has a high velocity that you’re reordering on a regular basis.” And the company appears unscathed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Sales in April 2020, for instance, were up 22% year-over-year. Dirty Lemon owes its popularity and virality to creative marketing tactics. From pouring millions into Instagram to perfecting text-based sales to championing staffless-stores, the company keeps reinventing itself. And that’s perhaps what it takes for a D2C brand to succeed in the soft drinks market dominated by industry titans. Oral care subscription service brand Quip understands the power of constant innovation all too well. It was built on Facebook and Instagram before being forced to pivot away to other marketing channels as ads got more expensive. Instead of staffless shops, however, the company is finding success in brick-and-mortar stores, podcasts, and even inflight magazines. quip: Driving growth by constantly reinventing marketing strategiesLaunched in 2014 by Simon Enever, quip sells electric toothbrushes with various subscription plans. Customers must first purchase one of the several available sets. For instance, the Starter Set costs $55, and customers receive a toothbrush, toothpaste, and floss string. Their monthly subscription begins the following month. In every subsequent box, they receive a battery, floss spool refills, and toothpaste for $5 each, every 3 months. With over 1M subscribers, quip has found success in the dental products market. quip offers various subscription packages, including the Starter Set. But what allowed Enever to reach all these customers was Facebook and its targeting algorithm. The company sold 100,000 toothbrushes in the first year despite having only $300,000 in funding and just a part of it allocated toward advertising. The advertising strategy was simple. quip broadly targeted potential consumers of all ages and locations. The marketing team would create different types of ads – images, carousels, and video – and then let Facebook optimize delivery and find people most likely to buy. The company was also trying to capture site visitors’ emails through newsletter signups. And to get more granular insights, it engaged people who commented on social media posts. quip enjoyed rising sales and kept refining its strategy as more data flowed in. But the company was soon in for a surprise. Facebook was pursuing revenue growth and, with more advertisers flocking to its platform, felt confident in increasing the cost of ads. The median cost of 1,000 views of a particular ad, known as the cost per impression (CPM) metric, increased by 90%, from $4.12 in Q2’18 to $7.84 in Q2’19. And this trend is showing no signs of slowing down. The cost of CPM has been steadily increasing on Facebook. Source: AdStage.Inc Worried that it might get priced out of the platform it heavily depends on, quip invested in other offline and digital channels. It’s now selling products in traditional stores, including Target, Bed Bath & Beyond, Best Buy, Wegmans, and Walmart. The company also served ads in airline magazines, radio, TV, billboards, and podcasts. “We’re always thinking about people’s behaviors and routines,” said Shane Pittson, quip’s VP of growth. “You might assume being placed next to a fancy dog bed in a magazine wouldn’t be effective. But, ultimately, people are still flying and diverting their attention on flights.” quip is committed to measuring the impact of its marketing spend on every channel. When it comes to TV ads, for instance, the company is using tracking codes to test the performance of various creatives served to the audience. And it used a post-purchase survey to measure the impact of its billboard campaign in New York City’s subway. quip releases ads on its YouTube channel as well. But no matter which channel it focuses on, quip’s marketing team is particularly keen on capturing customer emails. They allow the company to receive feedback, find similar audiences, and launch personalized campaigns. And the ability to stay in touch with customers is vital as marketing channels rise and fall. “Our approach has always been to preserve part of our budget and test new channels and messaging,” said Pittson. “It’s crucial to have another channel to which you can move resources if a big change happens.” In 2019, quip launched its dental insurance service, called Quipcare. The team led by Pittson is now tasked with making the new line of business success as well, and the lessons learned in making toothbrush subscriptions go viral will be of great help in new endeavors. The future of retailThere’s very little evidence that Amazon, Facebook and Google’s dominance over traditional retail isn’t going to slow down in the future. But there’s also a ton of evidence that it is more than possible to build new, powerful retail brands today. From Bonobos to Allbirds, the playing field is as open as ever for entrepreneurs with ideas for products that people actually want to use. The playbook may be ever-changing, but the route to success has become a little more direct. get our direct-to-consumer cheat sheetLearn secrets to success from our analysis of Casper, Glossier, Warby Parker, and 11 other D2C companies. If you aren’t already a client, sign up for a free trial to learn more about our platform. Which stage of the new product development process is usually the most expensive for new products?The introduction stage is often preceded by a research and development stage. For the purposes of the product life cycle stages, we will start from when the product is first introduced to the marketplace. This stage is by far the most expensive stage in a product's life cycle.
What is the last stage in the new product development process?Commercialization: The final step of the product development process is that of commercialization. Based on the information gathered during the test marketing process, the business management may either decide to go ahead with the launch of the product or put it on the backburner.
At which stage of the new product development process do most ideas for new products and services end up getting rejected for one reason or another?The second stage of the product development process is idea screening. This is the first of many screening points. At this early stage much is not known about the product and its market opportunity. Still, product ideas that do not meet the organization's overall objectives should be rejected at this stage.
In what stage of the new product development process would a company use a SWOT analysis?The idea stage is often the most important step for brainstorming new products because it is where most product ideas come from. Sometimes a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis is used as a vehicle to prioritize ideas in this first step.
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