What are the characteristics of pedigree analysis?
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Different traits are inherited in different ways. Many intro biology classes will expect you to be able to identify different patterns of inheritance and parental genotypes based on either a pedigree or the rates of a given phenotype in the offspring. It is helpful to be familiar with the phenotype ratios, pedigree charts, and the specifics of the inheritance mechanisms to solve those kinds of problems. Here is a brief review that will help you master this important content! Show
A brief note: while we give you the phenotypic ratios in this review, it is probably not an efficient use of your time to memorize these ratios. Instead, use the tables to test your understanding of the inheritance mechanisms. If you understand the mechanisms well, you should be able to generate the ratios quickly on test day. Dominant and Recessive Traits1. Autosomal recessive traitsHow does it work?Autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed. What phenotypic ratios appear in the offspring?Autosomal Recessive What does an autosomal recessive pedigree look like?Autosomal recessive pedigrees can look differently based on the genotype of the parents. Here is an example pedigree: One trick for identifying a recessive trait is that if a trait skips a generation in a pedigree, it is often an autosomal recessive trait (although a trait can be autosomal recessive and not skip generations). These traits appear with equal frequency in both sexes. 2. Autosomal dominant traitHow does it work?An autosomal dominant trait will result in the dominant phenotype if one or more copies of the dominant allele are present. What phenotypic ratios appear in the offspring?An autosomal dominant trait will result in the same ratios of dominant to recessive phenotype as seen above in the autosomal recessive chart! What does an autosomal recessive pedigree look like?In a pedigree this phenotype will appear with equal frequency in both sexes but it will not skip generations. Here is an example of an autosomal dominant recessive pedigree: 3. X-linked recessive traitsHow does it work?X-linked recessive traits are carried on the X chromosome. Because male offspring receive only one copy of the X chromosome, the trait is expressed phenotypically in all men with the X-linked recessive allele. Female offspring can also express an X-linked recessive trait although only if they inherit two X-linked chromosomes (one from each parent) containing the recessive allele. What phenotypic ratios appear in the offspring?What does an X-linked recessive pedigree look like?As you can see above, this trait is more likely to appear in males than females so the pedigree may contain more affected males than females This trait is never passed from father to son, because a father carries the allele on his X chromosome, but always passes his Y chromosome on to any sons. Here is a sample X-linked recessive pedigree: Above are the three most common inheritance patterns that will appear in an introduction to inheritance patterns. Below is a shorter overview of two, more unusual, inheritance patterns that you may come across in your studies: 4. X-linked dominant traitsHow does it work?This kind of inheritance is less common than X-linked recessive. It occurs when a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome. Unlike X-linked recessive traits, only one copy of the dominant X-linked allele is required to result in the phenotype in both male and female offspring. How can you identify an X-linked dominant trait
5. Y-linked traitsHow does it work?This is a rare type of inheritance, where the gene of interest is located on the Y-chromosome. Because, at most, one copy of the Y chromosome is inherited, dominant and recessive don’t really apply here. How can you identify a Y-linked dominant trait?Because only males have a Y chromosome, female offspring of an affected father cannot express the trait What characteristics can be used to prepare a pedigree analysis?To be able to understand pedigrees, one must understand dominant and recessive genes. Some characteristics, such as height, are influenced by a variety of genes and an individual's environment. Height cannot be easily represented by a pedigree.
What is the purpose of a pedigree analysis?A pedigree shows relationships between family members and indicates which individuals have certain genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases within a family as well as vital status. A pedigree can be used to determine disease inheritance patterns within a family.
What are the 4 types of pedigrees?Terms in this set (4). Autosomal Dominant. in general makes and females are affected, the condition does not skip generations and reappear, and the disorder is expressed whenever the gene is present.. Autosomal Recessive. ... . X-linked Dominant. ... . X-lined Recessive.. What are the rules of pedigrees?Below are the principal symbols used when drawing a pedigree.. affected individuals have at least one affected parent.. the phenotype generally appears every generation.. two unaffected parents only have unaffected offspring.. |
