Which philosopher believed that sense perceptions in observation or essential for knowledge?
in Uncategorized Show One thing I have always struggled with in reading philosophy is the doctrine of Innatism, which holds that the human mind is born with ideas or knowledge. This belief, put forth most notably by Plato as his Theory of Forms and later by Descartes in his Meditations, is currently gaining neuroscientific
evidence that could validate the belief that we are born with innate knowledge of our world. The predominant belief and assumption about human learning and memory is that we are born as a “blank slate,” and we gain our knowledge and ideas through new experiences and our memory of them. This belief is known as Empiricism and, although dates back to
Aristotle, has been supported by many famous philosophers such as John Locke and Francis Bacon. However, a study published in last March’s Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences (PNAS) may, to an extent, discredit this main theory of knowledge collection. The research, conducted by the Blue Brain Group in Switzerland, explored the remarkable similarities in the neuronal circuitry in the neocortices of all brains. The study, summarized in this article in PNAS, essentially “discovered
a synaptic organizing principle that groups neurons in a manner that is common across animals and hence, independent of individual experiences.” This discovery may have huge implications on our understanding of learning, memory, and development. The groups of neurons, or cell assemblies, appear consistently in the Neocortices of animals and are essentially cellular “building blocks”. In many animals then, it may hold true that learning, perception, and memory are a result of putting these pieces
together rather than forming new cell assemblies. According to Dr. Markram, “This could explain why we all share similar perceptions of physical reality, while our memories reflect our individual experience.” This is a remarkable example of the ways in which neuroscience and its research is revolutionizing our understanding of the ways in which we come to know and perceive our universe, while simultaneously answering major philosophical questions. While these findings may go against the
incredibly popular empirical view of knowledge, they lend themselves very well to the notion of innate ideas. Plato and Descartes used this general theory to explain human reasoning. Plato believed that the human soul exists eternally, and exists in a “world of forms (or ideas)” before life; all learning is the process of remembering “shadows” of these forms here on Earth. While this idea is still a little out there for me at least (and it may take a little more scientific evidence to support
that claim), Descartes’ claims seem very consistent with the Blue Brain Group’s findings. Markram’s Study on Synaptic Organization-PNAS Physics for Infants-WIREs Cognitive Science Descartes’ Theories of Innate Ideas-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Plato’s Theory of Forms and Thoughts on Innate Ideas-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Infants Understand More Than Thought-Columbia Daily Tribune New Evidence for Innate Ideas-Blue Brain Group Share this:What did the Socrates believe in?Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve practical results for the greater well-being of society. He attempted to establish an ethical system based on human reason rather than theological doctrine. Socrates pointed out that human choice was motivated by the desire for happiness.
Does Plato believe in sense experience?Plato is an example of a rationalist. He says that sense experience fails to provide us with any guarantee that what we experience is, in fact, true. The information we get by relying on sense experience is constantly changing and often unreliable.
What is knowledge according to Plato and Socrates?Thus, for Plato, knowledge is justified, true belief. Reason and the Forms. Since truth is objective, our knowledge of true propositions must be about real things.
What is knowledge according to Socrates?Virtue is knowledge. According to Socrates, “Virtue is knowledge” because through virtue you can live your life in the best possible manner.
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