What percent of English words can be spelled and read accurately using sound symbol correspondences?
Concepts and Research Show
What is the Alphabetic Principle?The alphabetic principle is composed of two parts:
Regular Word ReadingA regular word is a word in which all the letters represent their most common sounds. Regular words are words that can be decoded (phonologically recoded). Because our language is alphabetic, decoding is an essential and primary means of recognizing words. There are simply too many words in the English language to rely on memorization as a primary word identification strategy (Bay Area Reading Task Force, 1997, see References). Beginning decoding ("phonological recoding") is the ability to:
Beginning spelling is the ability to:
Progression of Regular Word Reading
Simple Regular Words - Listed According to Difficulty
Irregular Word ReadingAlthough decoding is a highly reliable strategy for a majority of words, some irregular words in the English language do not conform to word-analysis instruction (e.g., the, was, night). Those words are referred to as irregular words. Irregular Word: A word that cannot be decoded because either (a) the sounds of the letters are unique to that word or a few words, or (b) the student has not yet learned the letter-sound correspondences in the word (Carnine, Silbert & Kame'enui, 1997; see References). Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts, 1998; see References
Advanced Word AnalysisAdvanced word analysis involves being skilled at phonological processing (recognizing and producing the speech sounds in words) and having an awareness of letter-sound correspondences in words. Advanced word analysis skills include:
Knowledge of advanced word analysis skills is essential if students are to progress in their knowledge of the alphabetic writing system and gain the ability to read fluently and broadly. Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts, 1998; see References Go to top of page Definitions of key Alphabetic Principle terminology:
Go to top of page Alphabetic Principle SkillsTo develop the alphabetic principle across grades K-3, students need to learn two essential skills:
Kindergarten Skills
First Grade Skills
2nd and 3rd Grade Skills
What Does the Lack of Alphabetic Understanding Look Like?Children who lack alphabetic understanding cannot:
Go to top of page Alphabetic Principle Research Says:Letter-sound knowledge is prerequisite to effective word identification. A primary difference between good and poor readers is the ability to use letter-sound correspondence to identify words (Juel, 1991; see References). Students who acquire and apply the alphabetic principle early in their reading careers reap long-term benefits (Stanovich, 1986; see References). Teaching students to phonologically recode words is a difficult, demanding, yet achievable goal with long-lasting effects (Liberman & Liberman, 1990; see References). The combination of instruction in phonological awareness and letter-sounds appears to be the most favorable for successful early reading (Haskell, Foorman, & Swank, 1992; see References). Good readers must have a strategy to phonologically recode words (Ehri, 1991; NRP, 2000; see References). During the alphabetic phase, reading must have lots of practice phonologically recoding the same words to become familiar with spelling patterns (Ehri, 1991; see References). Awareness of the relation between sounds and the alphabet can be taught (Liberman & Liberman, 1990; see References). Because our language is alphabetic, decoding is an essential and primary means of recognizing words. There are simply too many words in the English language to rely on memorization as a primary word identification strategy (Bay Area Reading Task Force, 1996; see References). The table below illustrates the important correlation between the ability to decode words and reading comprehension. Go to top of page What percentage of English words are phonetic?My rebuttal: While there are exceptions, the majority of our words prove phonetically — actually, around 84 percent. And that percentage is mostly if the words are spelled on sound-symbol correspondences alone.
What percentage of English words are predictable?System (It's Not as Irregular as You Think)
Another 34 percent of English words would only have one error if they were spelled on the basis of sound-symbol correspondences alone. * That means that the spelling of 84 percent of words is mostly predictable.
What percentage of English words are Decodable?Thus English is about 97% decodable. This has some very important implications for students who have learned phonics comprehensively: Their recognition and understanding of printed words does not require memorization of those words.
How many words in English can be sounded out?The Reading Kingdom Curriculum Guide states that approximately 20% of English words can be “sounded out.” At such a low percentage, sounding-out is functionally useless. But where did this 20% number come from? The phonetic qualities of English have been studied extensively.
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