What is one of the most frequent reasons why probation or parole is revoked
In order to understand probation revocations, it is important to first understand what probation is and how it is used. Petersilia 2011 presents an extremely comprehensive chapter detailing the history of probation and parole, developments in the practice of supervision over time and related empirical evidence, and practical information about the delivery of probation and parole (e.g., the effect of caseload sizes). Klingele 2013 provides an extremely comprehensive review of probation and probation revocations, including the historical development of probation, the prevalence of revocations for technical violations, policy options aimed at reducing the number of probation revocations, and the unintended consequences of some of those policy options. Mitchell and Reitz 2014 details the legal framework of probation in twenty-one US states, demonstrating that “there is tremendous variety in the formal law of probation across American states” (p. 5). Alper, et al. 2016 shows that, compared to Europe, America has exceptionally high probation supervision rates. Wodahl, et al. 2011 details the scope and scale of probation revocations and their impact on prison and jail populations. Council of State Governments Justice Center 2019 provides a more recent snapshot of the contribution of probation revocations to overall prison populations. Phelps and Curry 2017 focuses on describing state-level variations in the management of probation and rates of probation revocation, as well as social determinants of revocation. Phelps 2013 explains how probation can be both an opportunity for diversion from prison and rehabilitation and a pathway into prison, and Phelps 2017 develops a typology of punishment to explain the rise of mass probation. Finally, McNeill 2018 provides a window into how probation supervision is experienced by people on probation, explaining how this form of punishment is pervasive, invading every aspect of one’s life.
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