If we apply the ethical standard of utility, it may be acceptable to allow inflated expense reports.
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Case Study Jane Adams, a new employee, joins a team that pressures her to fake expenses on her company travel report. Her instinct is that this is wrong, but the experienced department members don't want her to submit lower average totals, which might cause management to question their previous reports. What should she do? Introduce the test Are we maximizing good and minimizing harm for all those affected? Validity Why is this principle a valid guide to conduct? Since everyone is equal and everyone wants to be happy, we should try to maximize happiness for all affected. Apply the test The stakeholders affected by this decision will be Jane, other sales reps, other employees, managers, and owners. Short term (ST) padding will give Jane and the sales reps extra money while taking it away from the other stakeholders but the reps can’t claim higher marginal utility for this money than the other stakeholders would get. Long term (LT) they may be caught and punished and Jane may feel guilt for violating her ethical principles. Not padding will keep Jane safe and guilt free, will give more money to the other stakeholders, and will encourage respect honesty among employees, but may get the other workers fired which would harm them and may harm the company ST until it can rebuild the sales force. Since utility seeks to maximize happiness, Jane may want to consider a third alternative of agreeing to follow the padding practice once but putting the other reps on notice that she will file accurately after that. The loss to the other stakeholders will be small but will give the other reps time to change their practices to avoid being fired and allows Jane to follow her principles and LT will strengthen respect for honesty in the company. If the cost to Jane’s self-esteem for violating her principles even once was high and if the other stakeholders suffered greatly (say the sales reps were taking hundreds of thousands in extra expenses each month) then the third alternative would not maximize happiness. Conclusion Compared to Alternatives (1) and (2), Alternative (3) maximizes the happiness of Jane and the other stakeholders while minimizing harm to the other sales reps. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test Are we respecting the rights of those affected? Validity Why is this principle a valid guide to conduct? Persons deserve respect because they have value in themselves. Rights are what they need to have an existence that expresses that value. If I recognize value in myself and I claim to have rights that recognize or protect that value, then unless I can show that others are different, they should have the same rights that I have. Apply the test Those whose rights may be violated are Jane, other sales reps, other employees, managers, and owners. The company has a legal right under its employment contract to have honest reporting of expenses. The owners of that company also have a fundamental human right to the property the reps are taking from them. The owners have a right to their property because they (or their ancestors) created that property by their labor and it would damage their dignity and self worth to have it taken. (Note that the amount taken in this case may be small enough not to be a serious threat to their freedom and well being, nor is it a serious violation of the owners’ dignity and self-worth, but it is a violation.) Conclusion There is a violation of the owners’ right to their property but not a serious violation if the amounts are small. Rights would not be a strong indicator in this case. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test “What if everybody did it? Are we cutting ourselves extra slack that we are not willing to give to others? What if they did it to us?” Validity We are all equal as humans, so whatever is ethical for me must be ethical for others in the same circumstances. Apply the test 1. Specify the action. Expense padding is the questionable practice being considered. 2. Ask what would happen if everybody did that action. a. If everyone did this would it become impossible? If everyone padded, the companies would discover the practice and outlaw it by requiring receipts for all expenses or doing away with expense accounts, so padding would become impossible if everyone did it. Raising the level of generality in describing the questionable practice, padding is a form of lying, which is impossible if everyone does it because if everyone lied, no one would believe what anyone said, so no one could lie successfully. The action could also be described as taking what does not belong to them or stealing which is also impossible if everyone did it. Not padding can be done by everyone, and padding but giving notice can be done by everyone if described more specifically as “padding only once to save the harm done to others who need time to correct their past mistakes.” b. Would it be unacceptable to us or to the company if everyone did it? The sales people would not want to live in a world in which financial reporting was not accurate. No one could trust anyone else’s figures and everyone would live in fear that they were not getting treated the way they deserved. The sales people and the company would find it acceptable for a person to act unethically once (by padding) if the harm is not great and doing so would prevent a much greater harm such as the whole sales force being fired. 3. Conclusion based on everyone doing it. Padding once seems to be the most ethical action in the situation. 4. What if they did it to us? The sales reps would think it was unethical for the company to withhold pay from them without their knowledge. So padding is unethical. Conclusion Padding would be impossible and unacceptable if everyone did it and the sales people would not want it done to them so it is not ethical for Jane to pad her account on an ongoing basis. It would be ethical for her to do it once and put the other sales people on notice. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test Are we letting others make their own choices? Validity Why is this principle a valid guide to conduct? If everyone is equal and everyone knows what they value, why should some be able to choose for others? Apply the test Those affected who may need information and freedom to choose what they value are Jane, other sales reps, other employees, managers, owners. 1. Are we giving others freedom to choose? All the other stakeholders are free to act—the sales reps are not coercing or forcing them to pay the extra. However, padding is not respecting prior choices by the company to pay only actual expenses and by the reps to accept employment for the pay offered. 2. Are we giving others the information to know what they value in the situation? By padding their expenses the reps are hiding information the company needs to know to decide whether they want to pay them the extra money or not in order to keep their services as sales reps. By padding, the reps are renegotiating the terms of their employment without the company knowing it. So padding is unethical. Conclusion So padding is unethical because it denies information and violates prior choices made by the reps whereas not padding and padding only once provide the needed information for the company to choose according to its values and respect the prior choices. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test Are we insuring a fair distribution of benefits and burdens? Validity If everyone is worth the same, then everyone should receive a fair share. Treat equals equally and unequals unequally. The default fair distribution is to distribute equally since all are worth the same but in some circumstances the fair distribution could be based on effort, accomplishment, contribution, need, seniority, contract, or relationship. What would be most fair? We need to explain to which distribution scheme is fair in each situation. Apply the Test
Padding their expense accounts gives the sales reps an unequal advantage in wage negotiations. They may claim they deserve the extra pay but cannot prove that they do unless they actually negotiate openly with the company and allow other workers to do so also. They are maintaining an unfair advantage over the company and their fellow workers who do not have expense accounts. All workers should have an equal chance to negotiate. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test “Are we doing our part to look out for the common good in this situation?” Validity Since our individual good depends on the common good, we all have an obligation to maintain it. Apply the Test
Since the sales people benefit as individuals by working in a company and within an economic system that operates on trust, they should not directly harm that trust. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test “Does this action represent the kind of person I am or want to be? Does it represent my organization's reputation or vision of what it wants to be?” Validity The kind of person I am, and the kind of organization I work in are both important to living a good life and are influenced by the specific actions we do. If we know who we are and aspire to be, we can decide how to act by considering whether an action is something that would be done by the kind of person or organization we want to be. Apply the Test
Since padding will weaken Jane’s habits of honesty and trustworthiness and goes against the aspirations of the company, it is unethical for her to pad her expense account. Her habit of compassion may lead her to file one false report in order to give the others an opportunity to reform. Suggested Reading
Introduce the test The brand manager can ask: “?” Validity Since ? Apply the test
Conclusion The Suggested Reading
Introduce the test If we Validity Since Apply the test 1. Are 2. Are Conclusion The ma Suggested Reading
Introduce the test If we Validity Since Apply the test 1. Are 2. Are Conclusion The ma Suggested Reading
All of the principles show padding to be unethical. Utility shows that padding once with notice maximizes happiness since it gives the other reps the opportunity to change their behavior in the light of ethical insights provided by Jane and padding once does not do great harm to the company or to Jane’s character. If the anticipated harm to the other reps is great and the harm to the company from her one false report is negligible, Jane may use this utility consideration to soften the conclusions of the Expectations, Choices, and Justice principles to allow for only one instance of padding. This trading of insights among the various ethics tests is part of the practical wisdom that we should all cultivate. We should be conscious, however, that we do this at the apex of a steep and slippery slope. Discussing the tradeoff with wise and experienced others is the best way to overcome the limits of immediate intuition and self-reflection. On this analysis, my own considered judgment is the best action would be to file a padded report but give notice to other sales reps that she will not do it again. Suggested Reading
Download PDF version of Phantom Expenses case. How can an employee take an ethical stand regarding a business decision when his or her superior already has taken a different position?How can an employee take an ethical stand regarding a business decision when his or her superior already has taken a different position? An employee can take an active or passive approach. An active approach would be so stand up for the ethical standards, or whistle blow by calling a compliance hotline.
How do you report ethical issues in the workplace?If you see, experience, or suspect an ethics breach at your employer, gather and document your facts and questions, check the issue escalation policy, and then talk privately to your immediate supervisor and the chief compliance officer. Question what you've seen, but don't be accusatory or self-righteous.
What is the most basic reason why a business should be managed ethically quizlet?A business should be managed ethically for many reasons: to maintain a good reputation; to keep existing customers and attract new ones; to avoid lawsuits; to reduce employee turnover; to avoid government intervention; and to please customers, employees, and society.
What are three factors that might affect good ethical conduct in accounting?Individual, social, and opportunity factors all affect the level of ethical behavior in an organization. Individual factors include knowledge level, moral values and attitudes, and personal goals. Social factors include cultural norms and the actions and values of coworkers and significant others.
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