Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hue
The Complex of Hue Monuments is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is located in the city of Hue in central Vietnam. Hue was founded as the Viet Nam capital city by Gia Long, the first king of the Nguyen Dynasty in 1802. It held this position for thirteen Nguyen kings until 1945.
The massive complex features hundreds of monuments and ruins, such as the Forbidden Purple City, once the residence of the royal family and badly damaged during the Vietnam War, the Imperial City, royal tombs, the flag tower, pagodas, temples, a library and museum.
Hue, located on the banks of the Huong River, [also known as the Perfume River] is about a hundred kilometres north of Da Nang. Among the most impressive monuments in this former grand imperial capital are the Ngo Mon Gate of the Imperial City which once was exclusively used by the royal family and their servants and soldiers, the tomb of Emperor Minh Mang as well as the tomb of Emperor Tu Duc. In fact, many of the monuments surrounding the royal buildings were constructed in the early 19th century and were modeled after Beijing's Forbidden City. The wall that surrounds the citadel is six metres high and two and a half kilometres long.
The historical complex is known not only for its rich architecture but also for its beautiful landscape setting. Overall, the site is quite spectacular. Avoid Hue between October and December as it gets most of its rain from the northeast monsoon during that period. This small city is also famous for its Imperial-style cuisine.
The Complex of Hue Monuments ………….
A. has its buildings built during the reign of King Gia Long
B. is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
C. was built by thirteen Nguyen kings from 1802 to 1945
D. is located on the left hank of the Perfume River
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[1] Vietnam accepted the convention on 19 October 1987, making its natural and cultural sites eligible for inclusion on the list.[2] As of 2021, there are eight World Heritage Sites in Vietnam, including five cultural sites, two natural sites, and one mixed.[2] Vietnam holds the second-highest number of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia with nine sites.[3]
Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng
Thăng Long
Tràng An
Hội An
Mỹ Sơn
Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty
Hạ Long
Huế
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Location of UNESCO World Heritage Sites within VietnamThe Complex of Huế Monuments was the first site in Vietnam to be inscribed on the list at the 17th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Colombia in 1993.[4] Two cultural sites from Quảng Nam were listed in 1999: Hội An Ancient Town and Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary. Hạ Long Bay and Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park were listed as natural sites in 1994 and 2003, respectively, before receiving the extension on the criteria for exceptional geological and geomorphologic values by the World Heritage Committee in 2000 and 2015.[a][b] The Central Sector of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long was inscribed in 2010, coinciding with the Millennial Anniversary of the Thăng Long capital.[5] The most recent site added was Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex in 2016, the first mixed site in Southeast Asia.[6]
After being recognized, the sites became popular tourist attractions. They are also considered to be driving forces behind the growth of tourism in the country.[7] According to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Tràng An was the most popular World Heritage Site in Vietnam, attracted more than 6 million visitors and raised 867.5 million VND in 2019 alone.[8] In addition to its World Heritage Sites, Vietnam also maintains seven properties on its tentative list.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.[9]
| Indicates mixed heritage site |
| Hanoi | 2010 | 1328; [ii], [iii], [vi] [cultural] | Built in the 11th century by the Lý dynasty, the Imperial Citadel contains buildings that parallel the late 19th-century architecture and the Southeast Asian culture. The site played an important role in the regional political power of Đại Việt for almost thirteen centuries.[5][10] | |
| Thanh Hóa | 2011 | 1358; [ii], [iv] [cultural] | The Hồ dynasty built the citadels in 1397, which lie between the Mã and Bưởi rivers. The site shows a concept of royal power, new trends in technology and commerce in an imperial city. Its construction adapted the Confucian philosophy within a primarily Buddhist culture.[11][12] | |
| Huế | 1993 | 678; [iv] [cultural] | The Complex of Huế Monuments is located in and around Huế, the former imperial capital of Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty. Despite having suffered from the effects of three wars, the site is well-preserved and remains a remarkable construction of the 19th century.[13][4] | |
| Quảng Ninh | 1994[a] | 672; [vii], [viii] [natural][a] | Ha Long Bay features more than 1600 karst limestone pillars and isles in various shapes and sizes, developed in a warm and wet tropical climate. The limestone monolithic islands rise from the ocean, topped with thick jungle vegetation. Several of the islands are hollow, creating enormous caves.[15][16] | |
| Quảng Nam | 1999 | 948; [ii], [v] [cultural] | Located near the mouth of the Thu Bồn River, Hội An Ancient Town comprises timber frame buildings, which include architectural monuments, an open market, and a ferry quay. Its architecture reflects a blend of indigenous and foreign influences from Chinese, Japanese and European cultures. It is an example of a Southeast Asian trading port dating from the 15th to the 19th century.[17][18] | |
| Quảng Nam | 1999 | 949; [ii], [iii] [cultural] | Mỹ Sơn is a cluster of abandoned and partially ruined Hindu temples, constructed between the 4th and the 13th century by the kings of Champa. The temples are dedicated to the worship of the Hindu divinity Shiva. The site reflects the spiritual and political life in the Champa Kingdom.[19][20] | |
| Quảng Bình | 2003[b] | 951; [viii], [ix], [x] [natural][b] | Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng is located in the middle of the Annamite Range, and shares its boundary with Laos's Hin Namno National Park to the west. Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng has a diverse limestone karst ecosystem, containing terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forests, savanna, and large caves. The Sơn Đoòng Cave is considered to have the world's largest natural cave passage.[22][23] | |
| Ninh Bình | 2016 | 1438bis; [v], [vii], [viii] [mixed][c] | Tràng An is a scenic area located at the southern margin of the Red River Delta. It contains limestone karst peaks with valleys. There are archaeological traces of human activity for more than 30,000 years, dating back from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Hoa Lư was the ancient capital of Vietnam, established in the 10th and 11th centuries.[6][24] |
In addition to the sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list.[25] As of 2021[update], Vietnam has recorded seven sites on its tentative list.
| # | Indicates mixed tentative sites |
| Lào Cai | 1997 | 959; [mixed] | The site is home to more than 200 stones and megaliths, carved with different images and complicated designs. Images of mountains, hills, and fields can be seen, as well as traces of three kinds of writing system: the pictographs of Han Chinese, talismans of Tày and Dao ethnic groups.[26][27] | |
| Tuyên Quang and Bắc Kạn | 2017 | 6262; [vii], [x] [natural] | Ba Bể – Na Hang Natural Heritage Area is covered by primeval forests on limestone mountains with diverse fauna and flora. The karst mountains are surrounded by Gâm River, Năng River, and Ba Bể Lake. Many caves have existed for over 10,000 years. The nominated area consists of four main parts: Ba Bể National Park, Nam Xuân Lạc Nature Reserve, Na Hang Nature Reserve, and Lâm Bình Protection Forest.[28][29] | |
| Đồng Nai | 2006 | 5070; [vii], [ix], [x] [natural] | Cát Tiên National Park is a natural resource with many rare and endemic genes of fauna and flora. It is a part of the wet tropical forest complex and one of the few natural forests remaining in Vietnam. The national park takes an active part in the control of floods and protects the water source of Trị An Dam.[35][36] | |
| Quảng Ninh, Bắc Giang, and Hải Dương | 2014 | 5940; [ii], [iii], [v], [vi] [cultural] | The site is a series of monuments and landscapes located on Đông Triều mountain range. This is the homeland of the Trần dynasty of Đại Việt in the 13th and 14th century, and the ancestral land of Trúc Lâm Zen Buddhism. This area is known for its landscapes, and historical-cultural relics. The site encompasses Yến Tử – Đông Triều relic area, West Yến Tử relic area, and Côn Sơn – Kiếp Bạc – Thanh Mai relic area.[37][38] | |
| — | Thanh Hóa | 2006 | 5072; [cultural] | The site, located within the Cúc Phương National Park, was excavated by archaeologists in 1976. The place contains cultural traces of residents of Sơn Vì, Hòa Bình and Bắc Sơn cultures, where people resided continuously from 13,000–7,000 years ago. The archaeological site consists of 10 different soil layers.[39][40] |
| Quảng Ninh and Hải Phòng | 2017 | 6177; [vii], [viii], [ix], [x] [natural] | Hạ Long Bay was recognized by UNESCO as a World Natural Heritage site twice in 1994 and 2000. In 2017, Cát Bà Archipelago was submitted as an extension of Hạ Long Bay. Both sites are high biodiversity centers, with more than 700 limestone mountains and islets.[41][42] | |
| Hanoi | 1991 | 960; [mixed] | The site is an important ecological zone and cultural zone, with archaeological sites dating back 10,000 years and geological formations dating back 200 million years. The Perfume Pagoda Festival is held annually, with the participation of hundreds of thousands of people. The Hương Sơn Complex comprises three groups of temple sites: The Hương Tích group, The Long Vân group, and The Tuyết Pagoda Group.[43] |
- Vietnam portal
- Protected areas of Vietnam
- List of national parks of Vietnam
- Special National Sites [Vietnam]
- UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
- Members of the Global Geoparks Network
- ASEAN Heritage Parks
- List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance
- ^ a b c Hạ Long Bay was first listed as a natural site in 1994 under criterion [vii]. Six years later, in 2000, the World Heritage Committee extended its recognition for exceptional value for geomorphology, which satisfies the criterion [viii].[14][15]
- ^ a b c Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park was first listed as a natural site in 2003 under the criterion [i]. Twelve years later, in 2015, the World Heritage Committee renominated and extended its recognition for exceptional geological and geomorphologic values, which satisfies the [viii], [ix] and [x] criteria.[21][22]
- ^ Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex is the first mixed site in Southeast Asia.[6]
- ^ UNESCO previously listed Cát Tiên National Park as the 411th Biosphere Reserve Zone in the world in 2001. In 2005, the Ramsar Convention recognized Bàu Sấu Wetlands [belongs to the park] as one of the Ramsar Sites of the world.[30][31][32]
- ^ Following a 2013 report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, in which advising not to inscribe Cát Tiên National Park as a natural World Heritage Site, Vietnam withdrew its application weeks before the annual World Heritage Committee in June 2013. The report identified two proposed hydropower projects, quarrying, unregulated tourism, illegal trade in species and poaching as major threats.[33][34]
- ^ "The World Heritage Convention". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ a b "Vietnam". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Hue Imperial City – World Cultural Heritage". Voice of Vietnam. 17 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b Đăng Định [1 August 2010]. "Hoàng thành Thăng Long được công nhận di sản văn hóa thế giới" [Imperial Citadel of Thang Long is recognized as world cultural heritage]. Tuổi Trẻ [in Vietnamese]. Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ a b c "Trang An receives UNESCO certificate as World Cultural and Natural Heritage site". Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "Giá trị di sản: 'Át chủ bài' trong chiến lược phát triển du lịch" [Heritage value: 'The trump card' in tourism development strategy] [in Vietnamese]. Vietnamese Studies Department of Hanoi National University of Education. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Minh Huyền [9 January 2020]. "Số lượng khách du lịch tham quan 8 di sản thế giới tại Việt Nam tăng mạnh" [The number of tourists visiting 8 world heritage sites in Vietnam has increased sharply]. Tổ Quốc [in Vietnamese]. Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long – Hanoi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1328. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Citadel of the Ho Dynasty". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1358. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ Emmons, Ron [6 April 2017]. "Destination Vietnam – Ho Citadel: Vietnam's unlikely UNESCO site". Thanh Hóa: CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Complex of Hue Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 678. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ Nguyễn, Văn Tuấn [1 December 2020]. "Vịnh Hạ Long đã được UNESCO công nhận là Di sản thế giới lần thứ hai về giá trị địa chất địa mạo như thế nào" [How is Ha Long Bay recognized by UNESCO as the Second World Heritage Site in terms of geomorphological value?] [in Vietnamese]. General Agency for Tourism. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b Nhật Thy [2 December 2020]. "Tròn 20 năm Vịnh Hạ Long được công nhận là Di sản thiên nhiên thế giới lần hai" [Twenty years ago, Ha Long Bay was recognized as a World Natural Heritage for the second time] [in Vietnamese]. Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Ha Long Bay". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 672. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Hoi An Ancient Town". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 948. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Hoi An: 15 years as an UNESCO World Heritage Site". Nhân Dân. Communist Party of Vietnam. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "My Son Sanctuary". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 949. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Mysteries of Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary unveiled through restoration". Việt Nam News. Vietnam News Agency. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Phong Nha – Ke Bang wins 2nd UNESCO recognition". General Agency for Tourism. 7 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b Lê, Phi Long [16 June 2018]. "VQG Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng 15 năm được công nhận di sản thiên nhiên thế giới" [15 years after Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park was recognized as a World Natural Heritage]. Lao Động [in Vietnamese]. Vietnam General Confederation of Labour. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
- ^ "Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 951. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Tràng An Landscape Complex". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1438bis. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative Lists". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ "The Area of Old Carved Stone in Sapa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 959. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Bãi đá cổ Sa Pa: Cần có phương án bảo tồn cấp thiết" [The Area of Old Carved Stone in Sapa: An urgent conservation plan is needed]. Tuổi Trẻ [in Vietnamese]. Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union. 10 July 2005. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Ba Be – Na Hang Natural Heritage Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 6262. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Viet Nam seeks UNESCO recognition for Ba Be – Na Hang natural heritage". General Agency for Tourism. 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Asia and the Pacific: 157 biosphere reserves in 24 countries". Man and the Biosphere Programme. July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ Thu Giang [27 March 2013]. "Discover Vietnam – Cát Tiên National Park". General Agency for Tourism. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ "Bau Sau Wetlands and Seasonal Floodplain". Ramsar Convention. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ H. Hương; C. Khanh; H. My [19 June 2013]. "UNESCO vẫn xét duyệt Vườn quốc gia Cát Tiên?" [Is UNESCO still reviewing Cat Tien National Park?]. Tuổi Trẻ [in Vietnamese]. Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Two dams stopped after IUCN advises against World Heritage nomination". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 9 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ "Cat Tien National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 5070. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Hoàn thành hồ sơ đề cử Vườn Quốc gia Cát Tiên là Di sản thiên nhiên thế giới" [Complete the nomination for Cat Tien National Park as a World Natural Heritage]. Công An Nhân Dân [in Vietnamese]. Ministry of Public Security. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "The Yen Tu Complex of Monuments and Landscapes". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 6508. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ Tình Lê [9 June 2020]. "Tái lập hồ sơ trình UNESCO ghi danh Yên Tử là di sản thế giới" [Re-establish documents to submit to UNESCO to register Yen Tu as a world heritage site]. Vietnamnet [in Vietnamese]. Ministry of Information and Communications. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Con Moong Cave". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 5072. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ Ngọc Minh [9 June 2020]. "Đề cử hang Con Moong là Di sản văn hóa thế giới" [Nominated Con Moong cave as World Cultural Heritage]. Thanh Niên [in Vietnamese]. Vietnam Youth Federation. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 6177. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- ^ "Vịnh Hạ Long – quần đảo Cát Bà sẽ là Di sản thế giới" [Halong Bay – Cat Ba archipelago will be a World Heritage Site] [in Vietnamese]. General Agency for Tourism. 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Hương Sơn Complex of Natural Beauty and Historical Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 960. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
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