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Cyberball game and ball-toss distributions toward each of the three partners. [A] Schematic representation of the modified Cyberball game. On successive trials, the role of the participant P alternates between turns as observer of ball exchanges between two of the other players, as ball recipient, and as ball sender. The behavior of players A, B, and C is computer-generated so as to define three different profiles from P’s standpoint: an includer or good profile, a neutral profile, and an excluder or bad profile. The length of the gray arrows is proportional to the number of balls sent by a given player to each of the other players. The profiles represent the average behavior over the entire game but, rather than being fixed from the beginning, they were tuned progressively using an algorithm described in SI Text. Black arrows represent the behavior of a representative healthy subject. [B] Ball-toss distributions for healthy subjects and for patients with HF-ASD treated with oxytocin or placebo. Under oxytocin, there was a nearly significant trend in the number of balls sent toward the good as compared to the neutral player [significant trend, z = 1.82, P = 0.06; two-tailed] [middle] [mean and SEM; * indicates significant difference at P < 0.05 or better on posthoc pairwise comparisons].