What transmits sound energy from the outer ear to the middle ear quizlet?

External Ear: determines the location of vertical information

Tympanum: [eardrum] the tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that separates the ear canal [part that is open to the outside] from the middle ear.
-->Receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles.

Ossicles: are the tiny bones bones inside the middle of the ear that are attached to the tympanic membrane.
-->It consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes. The transduction of sound is facilitated through the middle ear to the cochlea by transferring movements of the tympanic membrane into the second membrane that cover the oval window. The pressure at the oval window becomes greater than the pressure at the tympanic membrane if the force on the oval window membrane is greater than the force on the tympanic membrane. The ossicles provide the necessary amplification in pressure, facilitating the transduction of sound through the middle ear to the cochlea.

Cochlea: [Greek for snail] the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti.
The Cochlea is made up of three canals wrapped around the modiolus. The canals are: scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and scala media [cochlear duct].
Pressure waves received at the eardrum [tympanic membrane] are carried to the oval window, which leads to the cochlea, via the amplifying ossicles.
Movement of the oval window moves fluid in the cochlea, which is made possible because of the elasticity of the membrane of the round window.
The average cochlea is only 31.5 mm long and only about 10 mm in diameter at its widest point.

Hair cells: The basilar membrane moves, which will push on the adjacent tissue which will move the hair cells against the tectorial membrane.
--> Inner Hair Cells:
Signal transduction; 3,000 - 3,500 in humans
--> Outer Hair Cells:Outer hair cells function as tiny motors that amplify the movement of the basilar membrane during low-intensity sound stimuli, and are often referred to as the cochlear amplifier. The key to this function is the motor proteins that are found in the membranes of outer hair cells.
--> Sound amplification: 10,000 - 12,000 in humans
Both the inner hair cells and the outer hair cells are found within the organ of corti, more specifically superior to the basilar membrane as the tip links are inferior to the inferior aspect of the tectorial membrane.

Basilar Membrane: found within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media, and scala tympani.
--> When waves reach the tympanic membrane, they cause the membrane and the attached chain of auditory ossicles to vibrate. The motion of the stapes against the oval window sets up waves in the fluids of the cochlea, causing the basilar membrane to vibrate.

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