Endophoric reference là gì

2.2.2.1 Reference

According to Eggins 2004, p.33, reference is the way in which the writer presents participants and uses some devices to keep track of them in the text. The participants may be presented participant newly introduced or presumed participant the reader needs to find this participant by retrieving in the text somewhere. For example: 1 I saw a dog yesterday and it chased after me when I tried to approach it The presented participant is a dog since it is newly introduced in the text while in the second clause it becomes a presumed participant since it is mentioned for the second time by the use of pronoun it that refers to a dog. From that example, we can see that presuming participant has to be tracked textually or extra textually for us to recognize the thing it refers to. According to Eggins 2004, p.34, presuming reference can be retrieved from a number of different context: homophoric reference context of culture, exophoric reference context of situation, and endophoric reference provided in the text.

A. Homophoric Reference

Based on Eggins 2004, p.34, homophoric reference is the kind of reference which comes from general context of culture shared by members of a particular world. For example, if a person says the earth is round, then all people should notice it and they should know which earth being talked about since we live in the only earth. Gerot and Wignell 1994, p.17β adds further that the cultural context can refer to a whole culture, such as all the speakers of a language, or to a culture consisting of a couple of people. The example of the cultural context noticed by all the speakers of a language can be seen as the example above while for a cultural context shared by a couple of people can be seen in a situation like a mother talks to her daughter about their country condition The president is trying his best to develop our education system. From that example, we can see that the identity of The president is retrieved through homophora cultural knowledge since if we talk about a country, the existence of a president the head of a country is understood if the country is led by a president.

B. Exophoric Reference

Eggins 2004, p.34 mentions that exophoric reference can be retrieved through the immediate context of situation and it is a kind of retrieval which is provided in the outside of the text. For example, in the expression Hand it to him, only the people involving in the context know what the word it and him in the expression refers to since they are in the same time at the same place.

C. Endophoric Reference

Eggins 2004, p.34 points out that endophoric reference is a kind of reference in which the identity of the participant can be tracked within the text since it has probably been mentioned before or after certain expression. She argues that it is endophoric reference that gives the cohesion within the text so that the expressions are bound together while homophoric and exophoric reference is said as the thing which creates the coherence of the text referred to the situational context or extra textual matter. Brown and Yule 1984, p.192 divides endophoric reference into anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. They argue that anaphoric reference occurs when the referent has been mentioned or exists earlier in the text. For example, Look at the sun. Its going down quickly adapted from Brown and Yule 1984, p.193, the word It refers back to the sun that has been mentioned earlier. This is what is called as anaphoric reference. Meanwhile, cataphoric reference occurs when the referent appears in the following text. It means that at first the actual referent is not appeared only on the form of reference, but in the later text it will be provided so that the readers can get its interpretation. For example, Its going down quickly, the sun adapted from Brown and Yule 1984, p.193, the word It that appears at the beginning of the clause is not known to what it is referred to at first, but as the text moves on, it is known that the word It refers to the sun which is provided later in the text.

2.2.2.2 Lexical Cohesion