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According to Harvard philosopher John Rawls we should follow these principles of justice and build them into our social institutions:
Principle 1: Each person has an equal right to the same basic liberties that are compatible with similar liberties for all.
Principle 2: Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: [A] They are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. [B] They are to provide the
greatest benefit to the least advantaged members of society.
Veil of Ignorance
If a group stands behind a veil of ignorance they will choose:
[a] equal liberty, because they would want the maximum amount of freedom to pursue their interests;
[b] equal opportunity, because if they turned out to be the most talented members of society, they would probably land the best jobs and elected offices;
[c] the difference principle, because they would want to be sure they were cared for
if they ended up disadvantaged.
Applications of this model
Follow fairness guidelines
Weigh both individual freedom and the good of the community when decision making
Step behind the veil of ignorance when making choices
Cautions of this model:
Principles can be applied only to democratic societies
Groups disagree about the meaning of justice and fairness
Lack of consensus about the most important rights